The Number One Article on Easy Exploratory Essay Topics

The Number One Article on Easy Exploratory Essay Topics With that said, before you begin to publish an exploratory problem, you might not be in a position to keep the opinions nice and rich. Since you can notice, many of the topics mentioned in the above mentioned list focus do not own a definite answer. In addition, it's important to settle on a topic which you're interested in because it is going to provide you a chance to inform the world about the issues you genuinely care about. Selecting the most suitable topic plays a terrific part in writing and, as a consequence, in getting a great grade. It would likewise be great if you introduced your own advice on the way the issue you're studying can be solved. A great deal of students think about the conclusion to be the simplest portion of the paper. Sometimes, when asked to select this issue by themselves, college students might feel somewhat frustrated. The next factor to consider is how the writing process ought to be handled so as to create an ideal paper. It's possible to take a look at a plethora of samples readily available online and even opt for the writers that agree with your needs. You can trust the ideal essay help online. If you have issues with writing, it is also possible to take a look at our guides and samples for aid. So now you are aware of how to pick a very good topic for your essay. Find relevant and trustworthy sources of information which you will use in your essay. An exploratory essay is simply not as fundamental as you might have at first believed. Especially, if it's an exploratory essay . Your exploration ought to be well-directed. Exploratory essays are interesting academic assignments due to the fact that they differ from different types. Developing a stable exploratory essay intro is genuinely a very tricky undertaking. After the research on the finest exploratory essay topic ideas is completed, think of the structure of your upcoming essay. Together with the UK Essay Help undergraduates find it impossible to be worried about the time but delight in a complete life. Learn what things to begin with, some frequent topics. Revision is an important portion of the writing procedure, and you're encouraged to compose several drafts of your assignments. What You Should Do to Find Out About Easy Exploratory Essay Topics Before You're Left Behind Clearly, the very first thing you must know is what an exploratory essay is. The most suitable choice selection is about discovering a perfect idea for your exploratory essay writing. All you have to do is to work hard to collect information, analyze this, and check each source before you commence putting all intriguing ideas together in your exploratory essay. The very best thing about us is that each and every time you can buy original essay papers for sale. If you decide on an idea but find you can't compose a paper by yourself, you can merely buy argumentative essay on the website. Our site enables you to obtain a correct topic from our lists, and argumentative essay examples. Our site is just one of the most appropriate for essay help. The previous point to do before starting to compose an essay is to produce its outline. Read about a few tips expert writers can give when one should compose a scholarship essay. In many cases, it can be put into the debut, presenting just what the writer looks for to accomplish. The writing document is much more challenging. You desire a focused topic that will create a very good paper. To make it even easier, we'll advise on how best to select the best topic for your paper. If you're fighting to get a topic for your research paper, utilize the presented suggestions. Free research paper sample may also be availed on the exact website if you aren't sure in regards to the quality given to you by assignments writers. Also, make certain that you have carefully read all the guides and rubrics in order for your paper will meet all the needed requirements. Response journals won't be accepted late. They will not be accepted late, but they may be sent electronically.

You Can t Spell Alcoholic Without - 846 Words

You Can’t Spell Alcoholic without Al In Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Jerry and Molly and Sam† we dive straight into the mind of a mentally distraught alcoholic by the name of Al, whose condition is slowly deteriorating both his life and his family. While the contents of Carver’s gloomy tale are revealed, we are enlightened to the effect of just how far Al has lost control of his life. He is so far gone that he is practically blinded by his depression and alcoholic dependencies, which brings his judgment into question as his life starts to spiral out of control. The main conflict of this short tale is made clear when Al decides that the only way to establish order in his life is to relinquish the responsibilities of the family dog by abandoning it on the side of the road. He uses this idea as the foundation for making the first step into trying to regain control when he decides, â€Å"He had to start someplace---setting things in order, sorting all this out. It was time to do something, time for some straight thinking for a change. And he intended to start tonight† (Carver 16). This decision, however, only creates additional negative consequences in Al’s situation and decays the family structure even further. Despite Al’s best efforts, he finds himself in an endless loop of depression combined with alcoholism to create unwanted synergy which causes unresolvable degradation to both his inner being and his family. The repercussions of Al’s behavior under the influence of alcohol not onlyShow MoreRelatedIs Drug Addiction A Choice Or A Disease?1743 Words   |  7 Pagesreverse of happiness.(Beauchamp, T. )Kantian theory, states that a person should always act in such a way that you can will that everyone act in the same manner in similar situations. (Beauchamp, T.) In using these two theories, one would be inclined to believe that drug addiction in its infancy stages begins as a matter of weak will and evolves into a disease. Relativism states that an action is either right or wrong based upon where you are and at what moment you are there. Relativist believe thatRead MoreHuck s Feelings About Living With The Widow Douglas And Her Sister, Miss Watson1588 Words   |  7 PagesBible, which he doesn t mind but he doesn t like how she s forcing it on him. One of the rules was Huck was not aloud to smoke. Miss Watson told Huck that he had to get an education. She tried to teach him how to spell but he had no interest. She also gave him lectures on good behavior because she said that s how he would go to heaven. He told her he didn t believe that, he thought hell sounded more fun than heaven, so he d rather go to hell instead. Even though he doesn t like either one ofRead MoreTruman Capote s Cold Blood 1292 Words   |  6 Pagesmemories from Perry to evoke sympathy from his readers. The brutal diction and sadistic atmosphere that picturize Perry’s childhood leads the audience to revisit their initial impression of him. With a further glimpse into the man’s background, Capote can continue his focus on providing a larger picture. In order to expand on Perry, Capote builds off of his physical trauma and discusses the emotional trauma that he had to face concerning his parents and siblings. His parents were separated and hisRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1537 Words   |  7 PagesThe Star-Radiant Pennant, Francis Scott Key, after whom he was named, and a fraction of the time as straight 1850 potato-starvation Irish. subsequently he had normally irresolute American sentiments about American life, which appeared to him without a moment s delay foul and brilliantly encouraging. He likewise had a seriously sentimental creative ability, what he once called an uplifted affectability to the guarantees of life, and he surged into experience resolved to understand those guaranteesRead MoreNatural Instincts Or Evil Trap1816 Words   |  8 Pagesyoung . They also do not feel empathy or sympathy toward strangers but do toward those they care for and are loathe to hurt those in their inner circle (Mountjoy). They are quick to display anger, nervousness and act out in an inappropriate manner without regard to consequence. Sociopaths are deemed by some the result of societal and environmental factors. Psychopaths are thought to be born with compromised genetics and have negative temperament, poor judgment, lack social responsibility, guilt, anxietyRead MoreThe Effects Of Edm And Electronic Dance Music2351 Words   |  10 Pagespromoters and festivals (including IDT, organizers of the annual Tomorrowland festival in Belgium), along with two nightclub operators in Miami, U.S., and Beatport, an EDM-oriented online music store. Live Nation also acquired two major EDM promoters: Cream Holdings and Hard Events; CEO Michael Rapino believed that EDM was the new rock n roll of the generation. Advertisers have also increasingly associated themselves with the EDM industry; for example, alcoholic beverage companies such as HeinekenRead MoreDrug Addiction : Tearing Families Apart2986 Words   |  12 PagesJaclyn O’Grady Ms.Collins College English 12 (8) June 3, 2015 Drug Addiction: Tearing Families Apart The substance abuse of a parent has a lasting and apparent effect on all young children. There are a number of substances that can become a problem in people’s lives, including but not limited to; marijuana, alcohol, stimulants, depressants, narcotics, hallucinogens and inhalants. Drugs critically affect the individual taking them, but also affect the members of the household, especially childrenRead MoreAn Analysis Of Jon Krakauer s Into The Wild2135 Words   |  9 Pagesschool or work, come home, eat and do whatever seems nice to sustain our brain entertainment we go to sleep. We wake up facing the entire day of activity over again. This lack of stimulation has led many to search for a new way of living for a spell. Venturing off into the wild to find something new, to experience a new life for some time or to just take some time to breathe the air has become a trend . â€Å"The tendency nowadays to wander in the wilderness is delightful to see. Thousands of tiredRead MoreIndustry Analysis : Dominant Economic Characteristics3716 Words   |  15 PagesIndustry Analysis: Dominant Economic Characteristics: What is an industry? When talking about an industry it can have a lot of different definitions and interpretations. Sometimes an industry can be described as a precise business activity. Some synonyms of an industry are activity, persistence, application and perseverance. An industry is: 1) the aggregate of manufacturing enterprises in a particular field; 2) any general business activity; 3) trade or manufacturing in general; 4) systematicRead MoreHesi Practice31088 Words   |  125 PagesPractice Examination For HESI exit Part One You will have two hours and 30 minutes to complete Part One. 1. Which of the following describes a preterm neonate? A. A neonate weighing less than 2,500 g (5 lb, 8 oz). B. A low-birth-weight neonate. C. A neonate born at less than 37 weeks gestation regardless of weight. D. A neonate diagnosed with intrauterine growth retardation. 2. A client with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus has just learned she s pregnant. The nurse is teaching her

Doctrine of Capital Maintenance for Corporation Law- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theDoctrine of Capital Maintenancefor Australian Corporation Law. Answer: Under the aspect of Australian Corporation Law, Doctrine of Capital Maintenance plays an integral role. On analyzing the basis of formulation of Doctrine of Capital Maintenance it can be identified that, due to the limited liability of the stakeholders, safeguarding the interest of the creditors have been a major concern. In order to manage the issue, doctrine of capital maintenance has been developed, that is a collection of laws formulated for the purpose of ascertaining that the company receives the capital supposed to raise and another factor resulted in the formulation of the doctrine is maintenance of the capital that is necessity of the business, in order to provide protection an benefit the organizations creditors (Tomasic, 2015). Thus, the main rationale of origin of Doctrine of Capital Maintenance have two major edifice firstly, to safeguard the creditors interest and secondly, to ascertain lawful dissipation of the companys assets. In this context the case of Trevor v Whitworth [1887] 12 App Cas 409 is mentionable. In the particular case it was stated by the House of Lords, the loss of the paid up capital in the course of trading of a company cannot be prevented (swarb.co.uk, 2017). However, the company or the members of the company are liable to the creditors in regards to the remaining capital and companys coffers, wherein they are required to ascertain that not part of the creditors are paid out on their part, other than legitimate demand of the business. On analyzing the above made discussion the benefits associated with Doctrine of Capital Maintenance can be clearly observed. One of the major benefit associated with the implementation of the Doctrine of Capital Maintenance is it safeguards the interest of the interest of creditors of the company. In addition to the above made discussion, with the help of implementation of Doctrine of Capital Maintenance it can be further ascertained that the existing compulsory share capital of a company is used for the benefit of the creditors and hence provides the creditors safety net and guarantee in regards to creditworthiness of the company (Islam, 2015).. The other mentionable benefit associated with the implementation of Doctrine of Capital Maintenance is the fact that with the implementation of the doctrine lawful dissipation of the companys assets can also be ensured. However, there are certain exceptions associated with the Doctrine of Capital Maintenance. Under Corporations Act 2001 [256B], a company is entitled to reduce the share capital in a manner which is legitimate in nature. Similarly, under Corporations Act 2001 [257B] buy back procedure have been provided which helps in ascertaining lawful dissipation of the companys assets and shares. Under Corporations Act 2001 [260A], aspects associated with financial assistance on the part for a company are provided in regards to acquiring shares in the company or holding company (Austlii.edu.au, 2017). Corporations Act 2001 [259A] provides with legal considerations associated with directly acquiring own shares (Austlii.edu.au, 2017). These are certain exceptions associated with Doctrine of Capital Maintenance which are required to be taken into consideration on the part of the organizations particularly the creditors. References Austlii.edu.au. (2017). CORPORATIONS ACT 2001 - SECT 259A. [online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s259a.html [Accessed 23 May 2017]. Austlii.edu.au. (2017). CORPORATIONS ACT 2001 - SECT 260A. [online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s260a.html [Accessed 23 May 2017]. Islam, M. S. (2015). The Doctrine of Capital Maintenance and its Statutory Developments: An Analysis. Northern University Journal of Law, 4, 47-55. swarb.co.uk. (2017). Trevor v Whitworth: 1887. [online] Available at: https://swarb.co.uk/trevor-v-whitworth-1887/ [Accessed 23 May 2017]. Tomasic, R. (2015). The Rise and Fall of the Capital Maintenance Doctrine in Australian Corporate Law.

Othello Analysis By Bradley Essays - Othello, English-language Films

Othello Analysis By Bradley In his book, Shakespearean Tragedy, A.C. Bradley discusses at length the many great works of William Shakespeare. One such work is that of Othello. The story Othello is one of Shakespeare's more intricate works. The basic plot is one a man betrayed by those who are supposed to be close to him but turn out to truly be vipers in wait to strike. Bradley suggests that Othello's tragic flaw s are the very things that make him a renowned fighter, leader, and man. Othello's character, by nature, is a very trusting and honest man. It is because of this trustfulness that Iago is able to take advantage of him. He plays on Othello's passion and quick temper, using them as his weapon of revenge. Likewise, Othello's romanticism blinds him. His love for his wife keeps him occupied while Iago sets his schemes into motion. Iago takes that love a contorts it, making Othello become wild and vengeful. He loves completely and he trusts completely and when the time comes he hates completely. The most dangerous part of Othello's character is his lack of hesitation. He thinks and then he acts, leaving little time between the two. This brings down Othello in the end. He acts too quickly and uses his emotions to guide him instead of logic and winds up being his own undoing. Bibliography Shakespeare: Othello- Bradley on Othello, http://sunflower.singnet.com.sg/~yisheng/notes/shakespeare/othello_b.htm

How to Write a Good College Essay

How to Write a Good College Essay How to Write a Good College Essay Your admission essay is likely to be one of the most important documents you'll ever write. College essay writing is very important because it is the only way for admissions committee to understand who you are as a personality. The essay is the only part of your application which can be controlled by you. Therefore, take the time to do a good job on it. Your essay must not only demonstrate your grasp of grammar and ability to write, it must also paint a vivid picture of your personality and character. College Essay Writing Tips The first step is to choose a topic of the essay. The purpose of college essay writing is to show the admission committee the real you, explain why you think and act the way you do, and tell what motivates you to perform better. Thus, write about the events that happened in your life, be honest and write how you really feel. Your essay should be read like a short English paper about yourself. Start with a main idea and cite specific evidence to support your statement about yourself. Use a relaxed, conversational style. Avoid jargon and offensive tone in your academic essay. Never begin or end an essay with a quotation, proverb, or other type of sayings. While writing college essay try to be original. There are a lot of essays covering the same college essay topics, but you have a chance to express your own ideas, your points of view that differ you from other's. Try to attract attention of the admission committee to your English essay. It should be vivid and interesting, before writi ng your essay, ask yourself if you would be interested in reading your paper: You need to include specific details about your experiences. Elaborate on one or two of your activities or achievements and try to describe them as the most important events in your life. Your college essay should have a clear beginning, middle, and end. It would be very useful to make an outline. You'll need to rewrite and edit your essay several times before it can be considered final. Keep in mind your essay to someone who can be objective. Writing a successful college admissions essay is not a simple task. You should plan to spend a lot of time writing, reviewing, and editing. Custom College Essay Writing If you do not write how to write a good college essay, you are welcome to ask our writers for assistance. .org offers wide range of essay services and we are able to help students of all academic levels. If you want to receive impressive custom essay meeting all of your requirements and expectations, we are ready to help you! Read also: APA Thesis Term Paper Help Great Term Paper Communism Paper Philosophy Term 250 Words a Page Term Paper

Lockheed F-104 Starfighter History

Lockheed F-104 Starfighter History The Lockheed F-104 Starfighter was developed for the US Air Force as a supersonic interceptor. Entering service in 1958, it was the USAFs first fighter capable of speeds in excess of Mach 2. Though the F-104 set a multitude of airspeed and altitude records, it suffered from reliability issues and possessed a poor safety record. Briefly used in the Vietnam War, the F-104 was largely ineffective and was withdrawn in 1967. The F-104 was widely exported and saw service with numerous other countries. Design The F-104 Starfighter traces its origins to the Korean War where US Air Force pilots were battling the MiG-15. Flying the North American F-86 Sabre, they stated that they desired a new aircraft with superior performance. Visiting American forces in December 1951, Lockheeds chief designer, Clarence Kelly Johnson, listened to these concerns and learned firsthand the pilots needs. Returning to California, he quickly assembled design team to begin sketching out a new fighter. Assessing several design options ranging from small light fighters to heavy interceptors they ultimately settled on the former. Building around the new General Electric J79 engine, Johnsons team created a supersonic air superiority fighter that utilized the lightest airframe possible. Emphasizing performance, the Lockheed design was presented to the USAF in November 1952. Intrigued by Johnsons work, it elected to issue a new proposal and began accepting competing designs. In this competition, Lockheeds design was joined by those from Republic, North American, and Northrop. Though the other aircraft possessed merits, Johnsons team won the competition and received a prototype contract in March 1953. Development Work moved forward on the prototype which was dubbed XF-104. As the new J79 engine was not ready for use, the prototype was powered by a Wright J65. Johnsons prototype called for a long, narrow fuselage that was mated with a radical new wing design. Employing a short, trapezoidal shape, the XF-104s wings were extremely thin and required protection on the leading edge to avoid injury to ground crews. These were combined with a t-tail configuration aft. Due to the thinness of the wings, the XF-104s landing gear and fuel were contained within the fuselage. Initially armed with a M61 Vulcan cannon, the XF-104 also possessed wingtip stations for AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles. Later variants of the aircraft would incorporate up to nine pylons and hardpoints for munitions. With construction of the prototype complete, the XF-104 first took to the sky on March 4, 1954 at Edwards Air Force Base. Though the aircraft had moved quickly from the drawing board to the sky, an additional four years were required to refine and improve the XF-104 before it became operational. Entering service on February 20, 1958, as the F-104 Starfighter, the type was the USAFs first Mach 2 fighter. Cockpit of a F-104C Starfighter. US Air Force Performance Possessing impressive speed and climb performance, the F-104 could be tricky aircraft during takeoff and landings. For the latter, it employed a boundary layer control system to reduce its landing speed. In the air, the F-104 proved very effective at high-speed attacks, but less so in dogfighting due to its wide turning radius. The type also offered exceptional performance at low altitudes making it useful as a strike fighter. During the course of its career, the F-104 became known for its high loss rate due to accidents. This was particularly true in Germany where the Luftwaffe grounded the F-104 in 1966. F-104G Starfighter GeneralLength:  54 ft., 8 in.Wingspan:  21 ft., 9 in.Height:  13 ft., 6 in.Wing Area:  196.1  sq. ft.Empty Weight:  14,000 lbs.Loaded Weight:  20,640 lbs.Crew:  1Performance Power Plant:  1 Ãâ€" General Electric J79-GE-11A afterburning turbojetCombat Radius:  420 milesMax Speed:  1,328 mphArmament Guns:  1 Ãâ€" 20 mm (0.787 in) M61 Vulcan cannon, 725 rounds7 Hardpoints:  4 x AIM-9 Sidewinder, up to 4,000 lbs. bombs, rockets, drop tanks Operational History Entering service with 83rd Fighter Interceptor Squadron in 1958, the F-104A first became operational as part of the USAF Air Defense Command as an interceptor. In this role the type suffered teething problems as the squadrons aircraft were grounded after a few months due to engine issues. Based on these problems, the USAF reduced the size of its order from Lockheed. Lockheed F-104A Starfighter of the 83rd Fighter Interceptor Squadron at Taoyuan Air Base, Taiwan, on 15 September 1958, during the Quemoy Crisis. US Air Force While issues persisted, the F-104 became a trailblazer as the Starfighter set a series of performance records including world air speed and altitude. Later that year, a fighter-bomber variant, the F-104C, joined the USAF Tactical Air Command. Quickly falling out of favor with the USAF, many F-104s were transferred to the Air National Guard. With the beginning of the US involvement in the Vietnam War in 1965, some Starfighter squadrons began to see action in Southeast Asia. In use over Vietnam until 1967, the F-104 failed to score any kills and suffered a loss of 14 aircraft to all causes. Lacking the range and payload of more modern aircraft, the F-104 was quickly phased out of service with the last aircraft leaving USAF inventory in 1969. The type was retained by NASA which used F-104 for testing purposes until 1994. An Export Star Though the F-104 proved unpopular with the USAF, it was exported extensively to NATO and other US-allied nations. Flying with the Republic of China Air Force and Pakistan Air Force, the Starfighter scored kills in the 1967 Taiwan Strait Conflict and India-Pakistan Wars respectively. Other large buyers included the Germany, Italy, and Spain who bought the definitive F-104G variant beginning in the early 1960s. Featuring a reinforced airframe, longer range, and improved avionics, the F-104G was built under license by several companies including FIAT, Messerschmitt, and SABCA. In Germany, the F-104 got off to a bad start due to a large bribery scandal that was associated with its purchase. This reputation sank further when the aircraft began suffering from an unusually high accident rate. Though the Luftwaffe endeavored to correct problems with its F-104 fleet, over 100 pilots were lost in training accidents during the aircrafts use in Germany. As losses mounted, General Johannes Steinhoff grounded the F-104 in 1966 until solutions could be found. Despite these problems, export production of the F-104 continued until 1983. Utilizing various modernization programs, Italy continued to fly the Starfighter until finally retiring it in 2004.

New business on wine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

New business on wine - Essay Example This paper provides a clear picture regarding the possible name of a new business on wine. It also includes the details of the partnership agreement that can be followed by the partners who are going to buy the vineyard It also includes the details of the partnership agreement that can be followed by the partners who are going to buy the vineyard. Furthermore, a proper mission statement is also developed based on the current situation of the company. A list of objectives and a proper SWOT analysis is also included in the paper in order to help the management in the decision making process. Introduction In real business world, if noticed carefully, it will be found that most of the businesses irrespective of their size and nature are actually the result of partnerships of two or more individuals. In case of most of businesses starting point was a partnership. However, turning a partnership into a big business is one of the most challenging tasks in the world. There are number of activ ities and decision making processes that are involved in the entire process. Perhaps the first major activity for starting up a business is choosing an appropriate name that will give a brand identity to the business. This paper is all about such a business that is likely to be concentrated on a vineyard and the wine produced from it. The business needs to be given a proper name and hence the paper includes a suitable name for it. Furthermore, an appropriate partnership agreement that can be followed in conducting the business is also provided in the paper. Over the years it is observed that businesses succeed or fail on the basis of various strategic decisions that are made by the management. However, prior to making any strategic decision, it is very important to analyze the internal and external environment of the company. Hence, the paper includes a proper SWOT analysis for the vineyard business. It also includes the possible mission statement and a list of some major strategic objectives that are required to be met in order to have initial success. Task One The partnership business on vineyard is hereby given the name of ‘Azinert’ which is a combination of last two-three words that are taken from each of the existing product categories – Shiraz, Chenin and Dessert Wine. This will be the new brand identity for the business in upcoming years. All the products that will be produced will be sold under the brand name of Azinert. Task Two Legally a partnership is referred to the relationship between the individuals who are involved into common business with the objective of sharing profits. Usually more than a single party is involved in a partnership and partners must have to agree various terms and conditions which are the pillars of the partnership (Kimuda, 2008). The partnership agreement, in case of Azinert will be made on May 15, 2011. The partners are likely to contribute the capital in the form of cash. There will be a separate capit al account for each of the partners. None of the partners will be able to withdraw any portion from his capital account. Based on the demand of each of the partners, the capital accounts will be maintained in a certain proportions in which profits and losses are shared. The net profits as well as the net losses will be divided equally among the partners. There will be a separate income account for each of the partners. Profits or losses will be either credited or charged to the each of the income accounts. In case the income account does not have enough balance, then losses will be charged to the respective capital account (Internet Legal Research Group, n.d.). As far as the salaries are concerned, there will be no such thing for any partner for any services that are rendered. However, partners are allowed to withdraw the required credit balance from their respective income account. Furthermore, no interest will be credited on the initial amount of capital neither there will be any interest on the any subsequent

Tesla (electric car company) Marketing Analysis Essay

Tesla (electric car company) Marketing Analysis - Essay Example The company has its headquarters based in California, U.S.A, and it has principles aimed at facilitating development of Models in order to attain its objective of first customer delivery (Tesla Motors, 2010, p. 4). This will facilitate the efforts of pursuing new electric power train opportunities and automobile manufactures. In fact, the paper will focus on conducting SWOT, PESTEL, porter’s five forces, marketing mix and marketing action plan analysis on Tesla Company. SWOT ANALYSIS Strength Tesla signed a licensing deal with lotus cars in order to convert one of their sport models in to an electric car, which was lightweight, small car with all the external body panels made of plastic. On the other hand, the Tesla Roadster has become the first mainstream electric vehicle enquired by celebrities, thus bringing a more desirable model S to the market. The company has managed to develop their first electric sport car â€Å"The Roadster†, and supplied to other manufactures like Toyota with more technological expertise in the field of electric transmission and train drive (GlobalData, 2012, p. 1). The company has also developed a vehicle, which is entirely in house, whereby sub-assemblies are required. The platform developed for Model S has facilitates the application of the crossover model and any other model. In fact, Tesla was the first company to produce electric vehicle and they have stood by the business model to collaborate zero emissions with quality performance design. Weakness The development of the vehicles and sub-assemblies has resulted to an increment of production cost, hence they do not achieve economic of scale. Products have a higher price than their competitors who sell combustion engine powered vehicles. The Roadster has phased out and the sales have reduced, and this is an indication that revenues will come from the Model S. The models have low brand recognition; hence, there will be difficulties in convincing the customers concer ning the superiority of their preferred options of the brand. The other weakness of Model S is that it may not be available until 2012, hence giving a chance to competitors to produce and market their electric vehicles before the release of Model S by Tesla, thus they will take up the market share (Binkiewicz, Chen & Czubakowski, 2008, p. 5). Opportunity The company has been benefiting from support by the government across the globe, since their products are environmentally friendly, thus they have been exempted from duties. The company has also been offered support by the Mercedes Smart car, which has results to leaning the way they can launch in near future. Tesla has a chance to improve the quality control process in order to reduce their cost, hence increasing enthusiasm. The other opportunity relates to the rise of gas prices, whereby people are seeking alternative ways of travelling. In this case, the company acquires a prime opportunity to depict the benefits associated to th eir products and the cost friendliness to customers. Threats There are difficulties involved in production, distribution and selling of the

The Human Society and its Environment Essay Example for Free

The Human Society and its Environment Essay Environment (HSIE) syllabus has a two-pronged objective that seeks ultimately to help scaffold students in their development both as persons and as citizens of local and global communities. It seeks to give them a sense of identity, and this involves an understanding of how their talents and opinions are relevant in their society. Research has shown that students (as human beings) develop, not in an isolated context or in a vacuum, but within the context of the family, community, and society in which they live (Panofsky, 2003, p. 411, Azmitia, 2002, p. 355). Therefore, allowing students to feel themselves true citizens of their society is an important aspect of creating identity and participation, according to the ideas of Vygotsky, Dewey, and Gibson, is therefore a key factor in learning (Rahm, 2002, p. 164; Wong Pugh, 2001). Separated into four strands (introduction, rationale, aims and objectives, and an overview of learning in HSIE), the syllabus’ introductory pages demonstrate how its objectives can be addressed in a classroom setting. Each strand clearly outlines how knowledge will be of benefit to the student and by extension to society. In fact, much thought and effort has been placed into determining the individual outcomes of particular aspects of the HSIE content. Though the syllabus is not particularly explicit about how these goals are to be achieved, nor does it clearly define the ideals of citizenship, it does give the teacher enough direction to facilitate the proper delivery of the information. A detailed look at the formulation of the goals in these introductory pages will demonstrate that the syllabus, though not explicit, is adequate in its explanation of how its aims are to be achieved. It will also present a view the interconnected aspects of the syllabus and how essential each is to the achievement of HSIE’s major goals. The introductory pages of the syllabus indicate that some of its content is taken from research into the thought processes of the children (Human Society and its Environment K-6, 2006, p. 9). Its writers have considered the fact that children might think differently about such issues than adults do, and have suggested suitable ways of teaching. This indicates that the syllabus intends to address how students are to be taught the material. The syllabus also indicates that the effective classroom practices of many previous teachers have informed its content, and this too indicates that effective strategies for instruction are to be included in the text of the syllabus. It appears that the strategies will involve equipping teachers with the tools necessary to create a classroom atmosphere in which students go beyond the level of hearing or reading the information to the level at which learning becomes an experience. It implies that teaching should begin on a plane with which the child is familiar and then branch of to less familiar areas, thereby building on schematic knowledge and making connections that allow them to assimilate the information gained (Human Society and its Environment K-6, 2006, p. 7). Though the explanation does not clearly delineate how the will be achieved, it is a promise that the syllabus itself will provide more explicit information on how to do this. Another way in which the introduction to the syllabus promises to demonstrate how to achieve its goals is in its deliberate organisation to allow for depth of understanding by its readers. It not only categorises the content according to the knowledge, values, and skills students ought to take from the class, but it further breaks down these areas, creating in effect a checklist of goals that teachers can try to incorporate into the planning of each lesson (Human Society and its Environment K-6, 2006, p. 8). It suggests to a certain extent the different aspects of the subject that the teachers are meant to emphasise. The goals are explicitly defined, though methods are not. Therefore, though details are not given as to how teachers should teach the lesson, this may mainly be seen as a method of allowing the creativity of each teacher to surface. The syllabus’ introduction appeals to the creativity of the teacher in its conciseness, yet does offer some direction through the thorough way in which the goals are dealt with. For example, though it does not suggest tasks that students should be made to perform in learning about the transmission of culture, it clearly states a number of ways through which culture transmission can be achieved (Human Society and its Environment K-6, 2006, p. 10). Another example is in the reference to the students’ gaining a sense of identity through their environment. The syllabus points toward learning the use of globes, diagrams, maps, and other tools that give direction and perspective about the local and global environment. Though it does not expressly tell how to teach the lessons that incorporate them, it does demonstrate that their use will aid in the achievement of the overall aims of the HSIE syllabus. The syllabus demonstrates a connection among its three main aspects and among the content from different disciplines that make up each of these parts. It argues that knowledge/understandings, skills, and attitudes/values are related in such a way that the student cannot be expected to fully grasp the ideas being presented them unless they have an adequate grasp of each of the areas (Human Society and its Environment K-6, 2006, p. 10). The knowledge provides a basis for students to gain appreciation for themselves and others, as well as for their societal groups. They are able to gain perspectives on cultures, systems, the environment, and historical facts on how these systems came into being. A key factor that contributes to the interrelatedness of the syllabus’ content is the fact that all knowledge cannot be acquired within a classroom setting. Along with exposure to this knowledge comes a similar exposure to the tools and skills that will allow students opportunity to acquire more knowledge on their own. It is to be noted that according to Howard Gardner, people have different ways of perceiving the world (Mbuva, 2003) and should learn different skills that allow them to use their own type of intelligence. All these skills allow for participation, investigation, the ability to identify biases, and the use of higher- and lower-order thinking skills. Yet the knowledge gained through these methods cannot, by itself, lead to understanding without a suitable way of processing it (State of NSW, 2003, p. 7). According to A classroom practice guide published by the Department of Education and Training of the State of New South Wales, the difference between deep knowledge and deep understanding lies in the assimilation of content that defines students’ learning (2003, p. 7). Quality instruction blended with the attitudes and values that students are desired to learn will grant them a way of processing the knowledge that they gain through classroom and out-of-class lessons (Human Society and its Environment K-6, 2006, p. 13; 2003, p. 7). They allow students to see what use they can make of the knowledge that they gain about themselves, others, their history and their environment. It inculcates a level of respect for other cultures and allows them to develop a sense of societal responsibility. Because, for example, the student understands how the society and its governmental systems work—why each part is necessary—he or she is able to appreciate the need to become a good citizen and to preserve the civilisation which he or she has inherited (Harris, 2001, p. 3). The student, being cognisant of the struggles that ancestors have gone through to create the society, will further respect and honour the traditions that have been passed down. Further historical and cultural studies will also grant respect for other cultures within the Australian society and those of the rest of the world. Students will be able to have respect for the differences between theirs and Aboriginal cultures, and this will enhance their citizenship as they will learn how to treat those citizens whose actions might portray differences to their own (Human Society and its Environment K-6, 2006, p. 13-14). After considering how each aspect of the syllabus relates to the others, it becomes evident that all sections are necessary to the complete education of the student in HSIE. Though the student might have the resources that contain knowledge, they will not be able to access that knowledge without skills that allow them to tap such repositories as the library, internet, and even textbooks. Even once this knowledge is gained, it is necessary that students be able to process it in order to turn that knowledge into understanding and into good citizenship, which is the reason usually cited for teaching HSIE (Reynolds Lewis, 1995, p. 3). Another important aspect of HSIE is to transform students into lifelong learners. All parts of the HSIE learning programme are necessary in order to add meaningfulness to the sense of knowledge acquisition so that students might consider it necessary and worthwhile to use their skills continually to gain knowledge for the betterment of society. It is often problematic that teachers have the ability to make value judgements about particular outcomes of lessons. Students often place high value on teachers’ preferences and pay keen attention to how teachers speak and feel about certain topics. However, teachers may use their influence to an advantage. Demonstrating openness especially to diversity of culture and frowning upon intolerance especially as it regards other people’s values and belief systems will help create a more tolerant class and ultimately a more tolerant society. Related to this is the fact that students will become more exposed to different religions and political views—a situation that might offer some discomfort to parents. It is important that parents be assured that culture sensitivity and tolerance (and not indoctrination) are the main goals of this kind of education. Human Society and its Environment attempts to delineate the different facets of societal groups, show how they connect with each other, and demonstrate to the student how he or she fits within one or all of them. It desires to show the variety of organisations that exist, how these organisations work, and how students with varied interests can become a part of them. It also involves the inculcation of the individual’s debt and responsibility to society—lessons that can be learned through history, environmental, and civil education. The syllabus connects three perspectives: knowledge/understandings, skills, and attitudes/values which students master through the acquisition of low- and high-order thinking skills. Yet all these facets depend upon the provision of quality instruction in a quality learning environment in order to produce deep understanding (State of NSW, 2003, p. 10). References Azmitia, M. (2002). â€Å"Interpretative reproduction: a tool for unpacking the sociocultural dynamics of development. † Human Development. Vol. 45, 355-359. Harris, C. (2001). â€Å"Curriculum control: at what cost to teachers? † AARE Annual Conference 2001. Notre Dame University. Retrieved 3rd August 2006 Available: http://www. aare. edu. au/01pap/har01535. htm Human Society and its Environment K-6: syllabus. (2006). Board of Studies, HSW. Sydney. www. boardofstudies. nsw. edu. au

Society’s Expectations of a Female’s Body Image Essay -- Media Health

Society’s Expectations of a Female’s Body Image Society plays many roles in peoples’ lives. The biggest role that society plays with females is how they should appear. All over the television, movies, and different magazine covers, females come into view as looking very thin and beautiful. People that see these famous females begin to idealize that body image. The male gender also visualizes these famous females and thinks that all females should have this slender appearance. As the year 2000 rolled in, actresses and models’ body weight decreased, and their waiflike bodies became more noticeable in the public’s eyes. Many little girls grow up idealizing the people in the public eye, giving them the idea that they must look a certain way, which is not a healthy way. These little girls grow up to become teenagers and then discover adulthood. The image that they grew up visualizing only worsens when they hit puberty and their bodies go through drastic changes, which makes them realize their bodies do not look like the people they grew up bearing in mind. When females realize they will not be able to accomplish the same body that the famous acquire, they become very self-conscious and some even develop eating disorders. The media’s role in self-images has greatly affected the way people perceive themselves in today’s society. In this paper, I will discuss the different rhetorical techniques that six diverse authors use to get their point across to the reader. All of the articles that I had analyzed used pathos as a technique. There were two of the six articles that used ethos as a method. These two articles were Slim Pickings by David Butler and Do You Have a Body Image Problem? by Dr. Katharine A... ...beartoe.com/Brandi/Essay.htm>. â€Å"Expectation of a Fashion Model† discusses the aspects of how a model must look in order to get hired and how it plays a role in society’s aspects of how a female should look. The author mainly uses the social side of the pathos appeal. She discusses the social aspects of being thin. This article will play a role in my paper because it gives another social appeal to this topic. Thompson, Colleen. "Society and Eating Disorders." Mirror-Mirror. February 15, 2000. <http://www.mirror-mirror.org/society.htm. Thompson’s article discusses how society instills the image that females must look a certain way and it then leads to an eating disorder. The author also uses pathos to get her point across to the reader. This article will help by also discussing different eating disorders and how people end up having them.

Kubla Khan – C. A

Sometimes, a poem is celebrated not for the story it tells, but for how it is told. Some poems are famous simply because of the way they are told: the elaborate, vivid language used to describe places and sights. â€Å"Kubla Khan or A Vision in a Dream† by Samuel Taylor Coleridge is one such poem. Written in 1798, it is a poem that uses intricate language to portray a vision or dream that Coleridge had. Coleridge claimed that the poem was written in an opium-induced haze, which is something that can be implied by the poem's subtitle, A Vision in a Dream. This poem is essentially about nothing; it is enthralling due to its language and feeling rather than any specific message. The lines of the poem Kubla Khan sound like a chant and helps suggest mystery, supernatural, and mystical themes. The language used is expressive enough that you can yourself envision the place Coldridge dreamed of. It is a lyrical poem in four stanzas, told in iambic pentameter. In the first two lines, Coleridge describes the â€Å"pleasure dome† in Xanadu. In Xanadu did Kubla Khan a stately pleasure dome decree Kubla Khan did not merely order, but decree that a â€Å"stately pleasure dome† be built. This dome is evidence of how unnatural or unreal the place of Xanadu is it has a ruler who ignores the unpleasantness that can be found in life. He uses his vocabulary to challenge and tease the imagination into seeing what he saw in his dream. In Xanadu, there are not small streams, but â€Å"sinuous rills† and wall and towers do not enclose the gardens but are girdled round'. Coleridge's use of language helps to convey and interrupt the extent of his imagination. In the poem Kubla Khan, imagery is also important for Coleridge to show his imagination to the reader. There are images of paradise throughout the poem that are combined with references to darker, more evil places such as hell. On example of this is the â€Å"demon lover† that has bewitched the woman. Coleridge's image of the â€Å"dome of pleasure† is mystical, contradicting the restrictions of realism. The structure of Kubla Khan is really in two parts. The first, describes Xanadu as if Coleridge is actually there, experiencing the place first hand. The second part of the poem is filled with longing and a strong want to be in Xanadu, but Coleridge is unable to capture the experience again. It begins with a definite rhythm and beat and describes the beauty of Xanadu with rich and strong images. The second part is that it depicts the violence of life outside of the pleasure dome and even mentions the threat of war. It is proven that beauty and danger cannot be separated from each other, despite what the ruler Kubla Khan wants. The fourth stanza is when the poem no longer describes Xanadu, but Coleridge's desire for control over his imagination, to be able to recall the feelings and ideas of Xanadu. This shows that even the ruler cannot have control over the forces of nature, and the writer over his imagination. Both parts of the poem deal with the attempt to create. Kubla Khan has built a pleasure dome and Coleridge is trying to use language to recreate the perfection of his dream with words. Coleridge was a very religious man and the poem is filled with references to God and other related ideas. Xanadu symbolizes the Garden of Eden, and how it is beautiful and innocent, surrounded by evil and the constant threat of destruction. Coleridge describes the river as â€Å"sacred† many times throughout the poem, and to Xanadu as â€Å"holy and enchanted. The demons described are closely related to witchcraft and the closing lines of Kubla Khan describe pagan rituals. Those rituals try to protect not only the reader, but also Coleridge himself from the forces of evil and the extent of his imagination. On the whole the poem presents a conjunction of pleasure and sacredness. At the end of the poem the poet is himself regarded as a holy and sacred person, a seer acquainted with the mystery of life, with his flashing eyes and waving hair, he is considered fed of the dew and honey and is believed to drink the milk of paradise. In the light of the above we can safely say that the poem is replete with all the qualities of Coleridge’s poetry and is a living embodiment of supernaturalism, element of mystery, fertile imagination, dream quality, medievalism, love of Nature, meditative note, music and narrative skill which distinguish Coleridge’s poetry as the most complete representative of the English Romantic poetry of the early nineteenth century and makes ‘Kubla Khan’ a great poem and make it equal to his other two great poems, ‘The Ancient Mariner’, and ‘Christable’.

Mother Tongue Language And Mathematics Essay

In what ways does your mother tongue language and mathematics resemble and differ from each other? Mathematics and language both act as a source of communication, thus both mathematics and language play an important role in life. According to the dictionary, language is defined as a â€Å"communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols.† In comparison, the dictionary defines mathematics as a â€Å"the study of the measurement, properties, and relationships of quantities and sets, using numbers and symbols.† Both language and mathematics use symbols, thus both concept are seen as a form of communication. The symbols represent values, which can be understood by the human mind. Language is defined as a code, and both the mother tongue and mathematics are made up of unique symbols that are consistent in their rules in order to be understood properly. Mathematics is a very complex, straightforward concept that has fixed meanings. If x = y = z, then x = y, x = z and y = z. This is a universal phenomenon accepted world wide. Mathematics has been used in the study of science. An example would be the physician Albert Einstein and the discovery of his equation e = mc2. Mathematics is composed of a combination of factors, which can be simplified and broken down. Factorisation of equations is an example. However, if an equation can be factored, then there is only possibility in which it can be broken down. Each equations has its universal values that cannot be altered. Even though mathematics exemplifies logic, it is not as simple to understand. In order to understand the concept of mathematics, a person has to learn a language first. Whether the language is English, French, Spanish or German does not matter. Mathematics is a fundamental base of our daily life and society, but it is not as essential as the communication between humans through the usage of language. Language is a much simpler concept than mathematics. Language does not have a fixed meaning or value, whereas this is the case in mathematics. 5 + 3 = 8. This is always true, it cannot be denied due to the mathematical code and its rule. In language this is not the case. Statements can be understood of accepted differently according to the individual. For example, Anna says to Tom, â€Å"I really like you.† This has no fixed meaning, because according to what tone this statement is said, it can either be true or false. Anna could emphasise through language that she in reality does like Tom. On the other hand, she has the ability to state it as a sarcastic phrase. This would mean, that in reality she doe not like Tom. Language also plays an important role in culture. Through language, the origin of individuals can be assumed. If somebody is mainly speaking German, then one can assume that the person is German. Even within the German language, different dialects are spoken. This makes language less specific than mathematics. There is the â€Å"Hoch-Deutsch† spoken in Germany, the Austrian German spoken in Austria and finally the Swiss German heard in Switzerland. Language is expressed in different forms, either written by the usage of symbols, orally through the usage of sounds and finally through the form of body language. Again, language illustrates a less specific concept than mathematics. All three forms can express certain values and one statement, such as â€Å"I like you† can be expressed in all three different forms. Even though both mathematics and language have codes, these can be misunderstood. In mathematics your result is an error, while in language misunderstandings can result in several problematic situations. The fundamental difference between mathematics and language is that one is universal in its concept, while the other is altered around the globe. Mathematics is universal, it has the same code throughout the world where 2 + 2 = 4 in every country. Language however, can be altered. If a Chinese speaks in Chinese to a Portuguese, it is unlikely that they will understand it each other. In conclusion, mathematics and language share both common concepts but also differ from each other. They are both essential for life, while language is the base to understand mathematics. The concept of mathematics has always been relevant in nature, such as 360à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ circles. Language is the invention of the human race in order to establish and maintain the communication between each other.

Succession and Failure; Case Study

Succession and Failure; Case Study Introduction In very business activity there is always an act of succession that is initiated by the business owners, organization’s board of directors or the organization’s management (Carver Oliver, 2002). The succession may take several forms or be triggered by quite number of reasons.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Succession and Failure; Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance there might arise a need to change the existing staff to get more efficient ones or the desire to change the operations of a business entity. Whatever the reason or nature of succession the outcome is always a success or failure. It becomes so disappointing when a business entity initiates plans to make adjustments for the company and the ultimate outcome turns out to be a dilemma for the organization. More disappointing is when the most reliable employees of an organization leave an organization due to th e reasons that could be controlled by the management of the company or measures that could have been taken in advance were not taken. Successful business organizations look into employees’ welfare more importantly and determine what they want from the organization for them to perform better. In addition, the appropriate strategies are formulated and implemented that can increase the firm’s competitive advantage in the market as well meeting the employees’ needs to retain them in their organization (Handy, 1985). Our case study here is the Tiverton media company that has spent substantial amounts of money in management, development and succession process. However, what it has received is a shock since after all these huge expenditures the heirs have left the company. Situation analysis of Tiverton Media Company Tiverton Company has had reputable image and excellent progress since it was formed under its competent Chief Executive Officer, Norman Windom. Operating in the media industry, a very challenging environment and characterized by stiff competition due to emerging technology and changing consumer needs, the company has successfully maintained its competitive position and secured itself a large share in the market (Ashforth Humphrey, 1995). As a matter of fact the company’s progress or success cannot be compared with its failures. It has achieved a lot since it was founded and increased its marketing outlets through the expertise of its marketing personnel.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The sudden misfortune befalling the company came as a surprise since no body expected such a successful company like Tiverton to receive such a huge dilemma. The company was making huge profits since even after investing $7 billion in a certain show that was linked to one of the Tiverton’s client, the company admits th at the profits it were likely to make were so negligible compared to the company’s profitability. The company’s success is primarily attributed to its highly skilled, experienced and knowledgeable staff. The leading and most famous artists are associated with Tiverton and this is one of the reasons that the company has been able to meet customer expectations over the years. Better understanding of the field an employee is working in is good for the betterment of the organization he/she serves. This makes him/her understand the products that should be offered to the target customers and how they should be offered (Carver Oliver, 2002). This is very clear in the situation of Tiverton Company that besides its CEO not having much knowledge about the changing consumer needs that is the popular music, he relies on the judge of managerial talent Sean Kinnane, to handle the task. Some of the successful strategies adopted by Liverton to maintain its success No business entity can survive in the industry without proper and workable strategies. This is due to the competition that is posed by the organization’s business rivals. The strategies are also aimed at revenue maximization and cost minimization (Handy, 1985). One characteristic feature of Liverton is its ability to determine what it requires to do to remain in the industry.Having in place the executives with the right credentials can save an organization greatly. Aleph Records’ manager, Derek Solomon is said to have supervised every client’s career aspects right from the beginning until the final stage of the client’s exit from the stage. This shows how committed the company’s staff is towards offering high quality services to the clients. Many performers confessed that it was Derek who made them maintain their regular visits to the Aleph Records. Even after becoming the CEO, his relationship is said to have remained as good as before with artists. Matters related to cost cutting and financial matters were handled by Sean who was too smart in that particular area. The company’s investment decisions and expansionary plans lied in this particular area. This is attributed to specialization and proper delegation of duties in the organization. The other strategy applied by the Liverton was customer outsourcing (Avery, 2004). For instance after the acquiring of Aleph Records in the year 1995, there was a kind of restructuring in marketing that saw the offering of repackaged recordings to one of the largest Compact-disc (CD) club. This would enable the club sell the CDs to the late-night TV viewers.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Succession and Failure; Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The other area where the company paid much attention was development of its personnel. It is quite challenging for an organization to achieve without paying attention to its workin g staff. Efficiency personnel lead to high quality services and higher level of customer satisfaction (Ashforth Humphrey, 1995). The improvement of the personnel efficiency is enhanced through training and development. This can be confirmed from the way the succession exercise was carried out in Aleph. The eight successors for the Aleph’s top eight positions were supposed to undergo thorough assessment test after which they would be exposed to executive education programin a leading business college in a fort-night every year. In addition, they would each be assigned a mentor and a coach for one year plus other extra training. This is an indication of how the company is willing to spend on its staff to improve its operational performance. The implications in the Liverton Company and reasons for its dilemma Despite successful operations and performance in Liverton Company, the company is implicated with a number of issues. The leadership structure of the company seems to be t hreatening the smooth operations of the company. Any company that has some wrangles on the part of its leadership arm is likely to become extinct in the industry (Carver Oliver, 2002). The troubles in the Liverton company stems from the top arm of the organization. The CEO is not playing his duties and responsibilities as expected of him. He does not recognize the opinions or listens to other associates of the company. His focus is dictating what ought to be done in the company and the manner in which it should be done. When the managerial talent judge, Sean Kinnane brings proposal for Broadway show, the top man disregards him and does seem to appreciate the efforts of Sean. Considering the Sean’s credentials and the contribution he has made for the company, this was the worst expected reaction from his senior. Mr. Norman did not even want to discuss the idea with the judge. In his view, as it has been observed that Sean was unreliable and his ideas could not be trusted. Bui lding trust and respect amongst the leaders or members of a particular organization is very essential for the survival of that organization (Handy, 1985). The CEO’s reaction shows lack of respect towards other associates of the company whether junior or senior. Running an organization or doing business means carrying out things collectively and facilitating the discussion of key issues and opinions that are likely to affect the future of the business. Mr. Norman’s organization neglects the employees and he can be identified as the main cause for this. One of the employees’ expectations is the motivation that may come in many forms (Ashforth Humphrey, 1995). An employee may be motivated through rewards, for instance promotion. This is not the case in Liverton Companyand if it is happening, it is carried out through unfair means.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is reported that Sean Kinnane should have become the heir for Aleph Records long time ago but even at the moment he does seem to be near to the position. From the information that has been availed, Sean possesses all the required experience and qualification yet he is not considered for the position. Besides, the contribution he has made for the company is sufficient enough to earn him a promotion. According to human resource management, promotions are based on performance. In addition, Sean attends one of the most important section of the department, finance and investment that determines the future and the growth of the firm. In contrary the section is headed by an old man, though having made some achievements his credentials is questionable. The dissatisfaction is not being felt by the Sean alone since there are other colleagues in his camp who are being oppressed the same way. Despite becoming aware that Seane could do well than Derek since his talents had become more advance d than those of Derek, Norman recognized that Sean needed some more exposure and polishing before attaining Derek’s standards. The only reward that Seane got was to be assigned duties outside his routine. It is always advisable to adhere to specialization rules when assigning or delegating duties to employees. People do well in their areas of specialization and disorganized delegation of duties may bring out undesired results to the organization (Avery, 2004). Norman’s actions can bring out several queries as to whether he understands the rules of management. For instance on a day before Sean and his colleagues showed Liverton their backs, they had been ferried in a stretch town alongside other colleagues where they had ben instructed by the CEO to go and check out a band from Wolverhampton, England by the name Skivvies. This is like abuse of somebody’s profession as well as his rights bearing in mind that the roles played by Sean in the organization. This was o ne of the final actions that triggered the Sean’s exit from the company after they declared that enough was enough and they could not bear any more oppression in the company. Outcome of the Sean’s exit and his colleagues Sean had been known as an important machine for the company. This is something that the CEO who was the root cause for their exit could not deny. The story of the heirs’ walkout spread all over. With the departure of the Sean and his associates, the future of Aleph and Liverton as a whole was at stake. Yes the succession took place but was followed by absolute failure. That is why the company is said to be in dilemma. It is quite interesting that the overall cause of the trouble is the person who should be providing solutions to the problems facing the company. Norman was so touched that he had to introduce the topic to the board meeting the following month. The corporate image of the company took a drastic change immediately after the departure of five associates and as one of the directors admits during the meeting, the company’s stock price had dropped significantly. Some directors are very bitter with the action to an extend of admitting they are not sure of the fate of the next associates they would appoint. Recommendation Every problem has a solution. However, the problem facing Liverton is so severe and it needs an immediate action. Since the problem is well known, appropriate recommendations are advisable. The damage to the company has already occurred and the information spread to the public domain. The board of directors and shareholders can provide a lasting solution to save the company from collapsing through changing the management structure of the company (Carver Oliver, 2002). This will mean taking rid of Norman and Derek completely and make replacements for the same. This is because as pointed out by one of the directors the replacement of the five associates might just follow the same route like th e one followed by Sean and his fellow associates. The manager’s weaknesses have been observed in several occasions and it is not clear whether he can be entrusted with the over all responsibilities of running the company again. Even if the company will experience some loopholes after the dismissal of the key management that is the CEO and Derek, it will only be in the short-run and the company can peak again. Alternatively, the board might get rid of the two associates and reinstate the five associates who have left the company since the person who had for along time been oppressing them is no longer there. This is due to the fact it is well known to the public that Sean was the key to success for Liverton and once reinstated he can restore their confidence. The other solution to the problem at hand is amendment of company’s constitution to change its policies especially the ones concerning the relationship between the employees themselves. This will prevent such a pro blem from occurring in future. Conclusion The corporate relationship between the employees, management staff and the manager of an organization is so crucial for the survival of the organization (Avery, 2004). There comes a major problem when there are wrangles between the key management staff. The severity of the problem becomes worse when an influencing or well performing member of the staff leaves the organization as it happened in the case of Liverton. The company is left suspending not knowing the next step to take to restore its corporate image. The management should always learn to instill better management and personnel practices amongst itself to improve the performance of the company (Handy, 1985). However, the organization’s board of directors should not hesitate in taking action against one of the key management staff that might be a problem in the management of the organization regardless of his/her leadership position. References Ashforth, B. Humphrey, R. (1995 ). Emotions in the workplace: A reappraisal. Human Relations, 48(2), 97-121. Avery, G. C. (2004). Understanding Leadership. London: Sage Publishers. Carver, J. Oliver, C. (2002). Corporate boards that create value: Governing corporate performance from the boardroom. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Handy, C. (1985). Understanding organizations. Middlesex: Penguin.

What is the ACT A Complete Explanation of the Test

What is the ACT A Complete Explanation of the Test SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’ve found this article, you’ve probably vaguely heard of the ACT (and if you hadn’t before, well, you have now!). Maybe you have some idea that it has something to do with college, but you’re still pretty confused about what exactly it is. I’m here to help! The ACT, like the SAT, is a standardized test used for college admissions. If you’re planning to apply to college in the US you’ll almost certainly have to take one of these tests (and you may need to even if you’re planning on going to school elsewhere). This post will take you through everything need to know about the ACT- from why students take it to what it covers to when you should plan to take it yourself. Why Do People Take the ACT? The ACT is a standardized test designed to show colleges how prepared you are for higher education by measuring your reading comprehension, knowledge of writing conventions, and computational skills and then comparing youwith the rest of the high schoolers who take it. It essentially serves as a nation-wide college admission test (though it's far from the only factor schools consider). Most four-year schools require applicants to submit either ACT or SAT scores (they don't distinguish between the two), which can then make up as much as 50% of the admission decision. A strong standardized test score is a key part of your application. There are also a lot of students who are required to take the ACT by their high school. A number ofstates use the ACT as a state-wide assessment test, so every junior at a public school takes the ACT. Which Schools Accept the ACT? There's a common misconception that some colleges only accept SAT scores and won't take ACT scores. This is not the case: all four-year colleges and universities in the US accept ACT scores, and the schoolsdon't distinguish between the two tests. You can takewhichever you prefer. However, there are a few schools, including George Washington University, Hampshire College, and California State University, that either don't require ACT or SAT scores or have flexible policies on standardized tests. If you're an international student looking to attend a U.S. school, you will need to take either the ACT or the SAT. If you're an American student planning to apply to international schools, you will probably still need to take one of these standardized tests, but it will depend on the school you're applying to and which country it's in. Two-year colleges and trade schools generally don't require applicants to take the ACT but will sometimes accept it in lieu of a placement test. MIT, one of the many colleges that requires an ACT score. What Does the ACT Cover? The ACT consists of four sections- English, Math, Reading, and Science- plus an optional writing test.With the exception of the writing section, the test is entirely multiple choice: the math questionshavefive answer choices and the others all have four. The chart quantifiesthe basic structure of the test (the sections are in the same order they appear on the test).For more details on what's actually on the ACT, you can follow the links to full breakdowns of each section. Section Questions Time English 75 questions 45 min Math 60 questions 60 min Reading 40 questions 35 min Science 40 questions 35 min Writing 1 prompt 40 min How Is the ACT Scored? ACT scores can feel arbitrary, so let's break down where that mysterious number between 1 and 36 actually comes from. For each section of the ACT, you'll get a raw score, which is the number of questions you get right. That is then converted into a scaled score between 1 and 36. The composite score is simply the average of your four section scores (the writing is left out because it's optional). In the US, the average score hovers around a 21, although there's some variance from year to year. Though it's easy to fixate on trying to get as high a score as possible, most student don't need a 36. Instead, you should determine what a good score is for the schools (and scholarships) you're planning to apply to. When Should You Take the ACT? When you take the ACT will depend on what kind of score you're looking for, when your application deadlines are, and whether you live in one of the states that require it. Generally speaking, however, the ideal time to take the ACT for the first time is thewinter of your junior year- when you’ve covered most of the material in school but still have time to take it again ifyou want to. We're just getting started! Time to make a plan. Everything You Need to Plan for the ACT Having read this post, you hopefully feel a bit more clear about what the ACT is. But the tricky part is still to come: preparing for the test. I've compiled a list of the key questions you should ask yourself as you begin to plan for college applications. Should I take the ACT or SAT? This question concerns a lot of students, but it's not as important as it seems, since most students don't see that much of a difference between their scores on the two tests. The New SATis especially similar to the ACT. If you'renot sure which test to take, you can use our fool-proof method to determine which test is better for you or try our quiz fordeciding between the new SAT vs. the ACT. Also keep in mind that if you'll be taking the ACT in school anyways, it will be simplerto stick with that test, since you may have some prep lessons in class and it will save you money on registration. What ACT score do I need to get into college? Your score goal will depend on which schools you want to apply to. Use this form to calculate your ideal ACT score. What's the best way for me to prepare for the ACT? As you prepare for the ACT, you'll need to decide whether you want to hire a tutor or study on your own. You may also want to consider an online program like PrepScholar! If you decide to study on your own, make sure you get the best book for your needs. Whatdo I need to know to prepare for the ACT? There are three key pieces to preparing for the ACT: understanding how the test works, reviewing the material, and practicing. To get a sense of how to think effectively about the ACT, download our guide to the 5 strategies that you must use. For specifics on content and question types, try our complete guides to each section of the test: English, math, reading, and science. You can find the best ACT practice tests here and an in depth guide on how to use them here. Disappointed with your ACT scores? Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Contemporary art and Gabriel Orozco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contemporary art and Gabriel Orozco - Essay Example The paper "Contemporary art and Gabriel Orozco" discovers the Gabriel Orozco in the context of contemporary art. Gabriel art includes sculpture, photography, paint and videos for his artwork. Gabriel’s animals, insects and human body are the crucial subjects in his work. Gabriel started exhibiting his work in art in 1983 where he had solo exhibition in various museums such as Museum of Modern Art among others. He also participated in a variety of art exhibitions including Venice Biennale in Italy, Whitney Biennial as well as Documenta x. Gabriel is famous for his work such as yoghurt caps, working tables, black kites among others that have attracted numerous honors including the blue Orange prize in 2006 and a DAAD artist-in-residence grant in Berlin 1995. Maya Lin is another world re-owned American designer born in 1959. Maya is a well-known artist identified for her art in sculpture and landscape work. Maya’s work encompasses environmental installation, studio artwork , architectural work and memorials connect. Maya tries to depict the world using technological methods to illustrate the natural environment. She uses sculpture and drawings to balance the beauty concept by describing the connection between nature and humans. Maya is famous for her architect of Vietnam Memorial in Washington, which is one crucial public art in the century. Mayas artwork such as Pin River – Yangtze, where the land meets the sea has dominated solo exhibitions in museums for years connect. Maya’s strong connection to the environment.

Transmission of ebola virus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Transmission of ebola virus - Research Paper Example The analysis therefore involves looking at the article and analyzing it. The researchers, subjects, methods and the results and conclusion of the research are all discussed in this paper. The study was carried due to the prevalence of the Ebola disease in the countries the West Africa. There was a total of 4507 of confirmed Ebola cases together with 2296 death caused by the virus. These statistics had been reported from five countries including: Nigeria, Senegal, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone (Team, 2014). The recent epidemic however had been reported to be high as compared to the past ones in terms of mortality and morbidity. There had been reports of symptomatic individuals escaping treatment and diagnosis of laboratory diagnosis provided in the national databases. Several persons have been suspected buried from the disease before the diagnosis was carried out. The largest past outbreak was seen in districts of Mbarara, Masindi and Gulu in Uganda. There were about 425 cases over a three month course from October 2000 to January 2001. This outbreak was being controlled through meticulous application of intervention to reduce further transmission. This was deliver ed by way of care system at the local health level with support provided by the international partners (Gire et al. 2014) . The research was carried out by WHO when they were alerted of the high rates of evolving EVD outbreak in the 23rd of March, 2014. The epidemic was pronounced to be an international concern public health emergency. In between September, nine months later after the occurrence of the first phase, there were still high growths of the numbers of deaths and cases resulting from the disease on weekly basis in spite of efforts of multisectoral and multinational to bring the disease spread under control. The epidemic has grown to the extent of causing huge challenges in control measures implementation to the level expected to prevent transmission and give clinical

Philosophy of social work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Philosophy of social work - Essay Example I have not only answered these questions, I feel that I have elaborated on them and asked further questions to the principal answers, in order to explore them on deeper levels. I feel that the resulting answer reflects not a simple, pre-determined response to the question; it rather reflects a step by step response to the question – a response I did not know I would provide until I had assessed and recorded it. In relation to philosophical concepts, a single, predetermined answer is not possible, or rather lacking as a response. Rather, my staged self-exploration provides a deeper understanding of my philosophical approach to social work. Before I attempt to define my own personal philosophy of social work, I feel that a more ample beginning is required; a much more basic start from which I can build the foundations of my personal philosophy. I feel that I must define the term ‘social work’; what it means to me, how I interpret it and adopt it in my work. For to do this is to have constructed a basis when properly answering the question ‘what is my philosophy of social work?’ To explore the personal definition of the very concept I seek to explain my philosophical outlook upon, I explore the methods and basic contexts within which I try to define the term. I bring everything together neatly, which was once jumbled and unexplored until now. So, the beginning: what is social work to me? How do I define it and with what frame of mind? To help others, to bring those in need to an equal level with others, to achieve and maintain justice, to keep a constant compassionate and optimistic outlook, to ensure liberty, to restore and assign rights. This is social work....to me. And when further trying to define these terms and meanings, I find that I am further developing and utilising my philosophical outlook, and discovering how I approach these definitive tasks. It appears to be more than a simple answering of the question; it is more

Risk Management of Terminal Development at Airport

Risk Management of Terminal Development at Airport Dissertation Objectives Investigate the problems at the terminal 5 opening, especially with the baggage handling system despite extensive simulated testing using thousands of bags and more than two thousand volunteers in the run up to the opening of T5 Identify the necessary risk strategies to be considered for such mega-projects, the benefits of such approaches, taking into account previous failed and successful projects, and any lessons to be learnt Discuss the implementation approach adopted by BAA and the risk associated with this approach Provide formative evaluation summarising key findings and conclusion based on evidence gathered from research T5 Synopsis The terminal 5 project in addition to being a statement of intent for the future of British aviation was built with the aim of improving customer experience and to exhibit Heathrow as a world class international airport. The baggage handling system at T5 was designed to be the largest baggage handling system in Europe for a single terminal. The system consists of a main baggage sorter and a fast track system. The system was designed by an integrated team from BAA, BA and Vanderlande Industries of the Netherlands, with the aim of handling both intra-terminal and inter-terminal luggage. Its processing capacity was intended to be 70,000 bags a day. Bags are meant to undergo several processes on the way through the system, these include; automatic identification, explosives screening, fast tracking for urgent bags, sorting and automatic sorting and passenger reconciliation. The scheduled completion and opening date was March 2008, and T5 was on time and on budget. This was a remarkable achievement especially in a sector where project delays and vast overspends are commonplace (the Millennium dome, Wembley stadium and the Scottish Parliament buildings were all opened late and cost a lot more than the original estimate). However, on its first day in operation, T5s bespoke baggage system was affected by technical software problems, which led to a number of issues, such as cancelled flights, lost baggage, and substantial delays, but more importantly, BAs challenge were its people issues and integrating teams of staff. Initial reports suggest that the day one issues were less to do with technology issues and more to do with inadequate staff training, and this was not just for one group of people but at all levels. Below is a summary of its problems on the opening day: Hundreds of staff found it difficult finding the staff car park entrance Check-in staff struggled with their systems, these problems ranged from very simple tasks such as logging into the baggage system to complex tasks Security personnel who were totally ignorant of their new roles and had to be taken through new procedures in the morning in front of passengers Ground staff and crews and ground staff getting lost in the huge building Baggage handlers struggled to get a hang of the new baggage system Baggage truck drivers got lost within the terminal and needed directions to the aircraft Baggage drivers and handlers could not get luggage from the conveyors to the gates On nine occasions, inspectors from the department of transport had managed to bypass security checks during trials of the terminals new systems and that the terminals alarm system was not working properly Going through these problems therefore suggest that the entire problem was down to lack of adequate training or simply inappropriate appraisal of risk involved. This is very surprising as this was a very high profile project and taking into account that this was a simple 3 team process get baggage, take baggage to aircraft and load baggage onto aircraft. Training System Testing Prior to Opening Based on initial interviews with BAs CIO, it would suggest that the human elements were given the importance it required. BAs CIO, Paul Coby told CIO UK [in March 2007] â€Å"the IT work to support such a large-scale, new-build project was also going well. â€Å"Devices are deployed, connections are being integrated and 2007 will be testing year. The airline is moving onto the T5 systems, so they run for a year ready to operate at the new terminal when it opens in 2008†. According to XXXXX, in the run up to the opening of T5 there were a series of overnight baggage-systems tests using thousands of bags, up to 2000 volunteers and full trials of the check-in procedure for all the IT systems. According to the spokesman for Vanderlande Industries, in testing the baggage handling system, emulation models were utilized broadly to test the low-level controls software, while computer programs took the place of the baggage handling system, and which behave (almost) the same as the part they replace. The report also suggests that for the high-level controls software, the emulation model was broadened by connecting the loose individual models into a large integrated system in which the physical equipment was replaced by a number of interconnected emulation models. According to a number of the volunteers who tested the system prior to its opening commented that the demos were extremely impressive and felt the system was ready in advance of its opening. T5 System Simulation Prior to Opening According to the spokesman for Vanderlande Industries, low-level emulation models were utilized in place of the physical transport equipment in each of the conveyor lines. The low and high level models that were developed produced the same electrical outputs in response to the same electrical inputs as their corresponding physical equivalent (motors, photo-electric cells, barcode scanners, etc), which in the view of both the software developers and management of BA, proof of extensive system testing. System interaction was facilitated with the use of control panels, and with the right frequency, set of bags or multiple bags were generated. During the testing, the conveyor motors were stopped and started utilizing different scenarios in order to generate as much errors as possible with the hope of fixing them. The spokesman also stated that the transport time between two photocells in emulation was equal to the actual time using the real equipment. The same measurement also applied to the total transport time. In addition, during testing the T5 project, over 90 individual low-level emulation models were created as individual models were integrated into 5 different configurations. A separate team spent 4800 hours on building and testing these emulation models. Questions: Training Testing But the first set of questions now has to be asked: how adequate was the tests and training were carried out in relation to T5s baggage systems in advance of the opening? What were the results? What were the problems revealed? and what steps were taken to resolve the problems revealed? Were the tests re-run and, if so, what was the result? Was the right implementation strategy adopted? Or would it not have been better to open Terminal 5 on a phased basis, to make sure that all its systems were working before going fully operational? The second set of questions to be asked would be: knowing that extensive simulation testing was carried out on the baggage system successfully; doesnt that then suggest that carrying out simulated testing without the real customers is inadequate? With regards to the people issues, what sort of dry runs were carried out? If they were indeed adequate, why were the opening day hiccups not identified? Where there extra staff or volunteers in anticipation of potential glitches? If yes were these trained adequately? For every eventuality or possible scenario, what were the contingency plans? In spite of the extensive testing carried out on the baggage system and the confidence which this would have placed on top management, from the experience on the opening day, we can conclude that in reality, the prospects of operating an airport terminal of such magnitude and scale would require more than simulated testing as the operations are virtually impossible to fully replicate. This then suggests that the risk management utilized by the BA was not robust to take the people issues into account. Good risk management might have come to the conclusion, if there was the possibility of failure. Risk Management: Definitions In order to manage risks we have to understand what a risk is. Smith and Merrit (2002) said that three essential aspects of risk are uncertainty, loss and time, see Figure 1. Uncertainty: A project manager has to identify as many uncertainties as possible. A risk may or may not happen. This inherent uncertainty cannot be eliminated, but it can be made little clearer by clarifying the probability of occurrence of the risk, to get at better understanding of the consequences and alternatives if the risk occurs and determine the factors that influence the magnitude and likelihood of occurrence of the particular risk. This means that an uncertainty can never be completely eliminated, but it can be reduced to a level the project find tolerable. This means that even with the best plans there cannot be any guarantees that there will be no surprises [3]. Loss: A risk is always something that involves some kind of loss. If there is no loss possible, then the project is not concerned about the risk, because it cannot compromise the project [3]. Time: Associated with every risk there is a time where the risk no longer exists. Either the risk has occurred and the loss has been suffered or the potential problems that could cause the risk have been resolved and no longer pose a threat. It is important to know when this time has arrived so the risk can be removed from the agenda [3]. Among writers and in the literature there are differences in the meaning of risk management and risk analysis. Frosdick (1997) says that there are no clear views of the differences and what one writer defines as risk management another writer is calling it risk analysis. Frosdick‘s own view is that he separates them by saying that risk analysis is the sum of the processes of risk identification, estimation and evaluation and risk management is about planning, monitoring and controlling activities that are produced by the risk analysis activity. The Association for Project Management (Chapman, Simister 2004) definition of risk analysis is similar to Frosdick‘s, they have however divided the risk analysis into two stages. The first stage is called the Qualitative Analysis and it is where risks are identified and subjectively assessed. These identified risks are then analysed in terms of e.g. cost and time estimates and that is called the Quantitative Analysis. Just like for Frosdick it is then followed by the risk management process. In their definition it is the process of formulating responses, both proactive and reactive ones. Pennock Haimes (2001) said that risk management could be represented in six steps, three each for risk assessment/analysis and risk management, where each step is a question. Risk assessment/analysis What can go wrong? Identify as many risks as possible. The risks can be of any kind financial, time, resources etc. and no risk is too small to not be included [3]. What is the likelihood for the risk to occur? Try to measure how likely, or unlikely, it is for the risk to occur. Maybe some risks are dependent on each other [3]. What are the consequences? What will be the impact on the project if the risk occurs, is it a minor risk or maybe a stopping fault that endangers the whole project [3]. Risk management What can be done and what options are available? How to decrease the chance of a risk occurring, for example get more resources or have them readily available [2,3]. What are the tradeoffs in term of all costs, benefits and risks among the available options? For every risk there is somewhere a limit for how costly measures one can put in, where there is no economy in putting in more measures. Often the budget is not enough to eliminate all risks therefore one must choose which risks to put more emphasis on [2,3]. What are the impacts on current decisions on future options? [3] The official definition provided by Professor James Garven, University of Texas at Austin is from the American Risk and Insurance Association: Risk management is the systematic process of managing an organizations risk exposures to achieve its objectives in a manner consistent with public interest, human safety, environmental factors, and the law. It consists of the planning, organizing, leading, coordinating, and controlling activities undertaken with the intent of providing an efficient pre-loss plan that minimizes the adverse impact of risk on the organizations resources, earnings, and cash flows. Another definition given by Larry Krantz, Chief Executive of Euro Log Ltd in the UK, states that A risk is a combination of constraint and uncertainty. We all face constraints in our projects, and also uncertainty. So we can minimise the risk in the project either by eliminating constraints (a nice conceit) or by finding and reducing uncertainty []. The objectives of risk management/analysis The Association for Project Management (Chapman, Simister 2004) defines Risk Management/Analysis as a process designed to remove or reduce the risks that threaten the achievement of project objectives. Properly undertaken it will increase the likelihood of successful completion of a project in terms of cost, time and performance objectives. PMBOK (PMBOK Guide, 2004) describes it similarly where they say that the objectives of project management are to increase the probability and impact of positive effects and decrease the probability and impact of events adverse to project objectives. Kendrick (2003) list seven benefits on the use of risk management: Project Justification: Project risk management is undertaken primarily to improve the chances that a project will achieve its objectives. While there are never any guarantees, broader awareness of common failure modes and ideas that make projects more robust can significantly improve the odds of success. The primary goal of project risk management is either to develop a credible foundation for each project, showing that it is possible, or to demonstrate that the project is not feasible so that it can be avoided, aborted, or transformed [1]. Lower Costs and Less Chaos: Adequate risk analysis reduces both the overall cost and the frustration caused by avoidable problems [4]. The amount of rework and of unforeseen late project effort is minimised. Knowledge of the root causes of the potentially severe project problems enables project leaders and teams to work in ways that avoid these problems. Dealing with the causes of risk also minimises fire-fighting and chaos during projects, much of which is focused short-term and deals primarily with symptoms rather than the intrinsic sources of the problems [1]. Chadbourn (1999) describes it similarly when he likened the uncertainties to chaos, where a poorly designed project could be described as a room full of mousetraps, each with a ping pong ball [5]. Before you know it, someone not under your control tosses in the first ball, thus mayhem and chaos erupts [5]. In the ideal project the mousetraps are gone. In their place there is a network of dominos, where each action and reacti on could be foreseen [5]. It is within the role of organisations to try and identify these mousetraps and replace them with an orderly string of dominos [5]. Project Priority and Management Support: Support from managers and other project stakeholders and commitment from the project team are more easily won when projects are based on thorough, understandable information [11]. High-risk projects may begin with lower priority, but a thorough risk plan, displaying competence and good preparation for possible problems, can improve the project priority [11]. Whenever you are successful in raising the priority of your project, you significantly reduce project risk—by opening doors, reducing obstacles, making resources available, and shortening queues for services [11]. Project Portfolio Management: Achieving and maintaining an appropriate mix of ongoing projects for an organisation uses risk data as a key factor. The ideal project portfolio includes both lower- and higher-risk projects in proportions that are consistent with the business objectives [13]. Fine-Tuning Plans to Reduce Risk: Risk analysis uncovers weaknesses in a project plan and triggers changes, new activities, and resource shifts that improve the project. Risk analysis at the project level may also reveal needed shifts in overall project structure or basic assumptions [14]. Establishing Management Reserve: Risk analysis demonstrates the uncertainty of project outcomes and is useful in setting reserves for schedule and/or resources. Risky projects really require a window of time (or budget), instead of a single-point objective. While the project targets can be based on expectations (the most likely versions of the analysis), project commitments should be established with less aggressive goals, reflecting overall project risk. The target and committed objectives set a range for acceptable project results and provide visible recognition of project risk [18]. Project Communication and Control: Project communication is more effective when there is a solid, credible plan. Risk assessments also build awareness of project exposures for the project team, showing how painful the problems might be and when and where they might occur. This causes people to work in ways that avoid project difficulties. Risk data can also be very useful in negotiations with project sponsors. Using information about the likelihood and consequences of potential problems gives project teams more influence in defining objectives, determining budgets, obtaining staff, setting deadlines, and negotiating project changes [18]. Risk Assessment Risk Control There are two stages in the process of Project Risk Management, Risk Assessment and Risk Control. Risk Assessment can take place at any time during the project, though the sooner the better. However, Risk Control cannot be effective without a previous Risk Assessment. Similarly, most people tend to think that having performed a Risk Assessment, they have done all that is needed. Far too many projects spend a great deal of effort on Risk Assessment and then ignore Risk control completely [19]. Risk Assessment has three elements: Identify Uncertainties In this element, the entire project plans are explored, with special focus on areas of uncertainty [20]. Analyse Risks In this element, the requirement is to specify how the areas of uncertainty will have an impact on the performance of the project, either in duration, cost or meeting the users requirements [20]. Prioritise Risks At this stage the requirement is to establish which of the Risks identified should be eliminated completely [20]. This step is only is carried out due to the potential extreme impact, which should have regular management attention, and which are sufficiently minor to avoid detailed management attention [20]. In the same way, Risk Control has three elements, as follows: Mitigate Risks According to Mobey et al (2002), risk mitigation would include taking the necessary actions that are possible in advance to reduce the effect of Risk. It is better to spend money on mitigation than to include contingency in the plan [20]. Plan for Emergencies For all those Risks which are deemed to be significant, have an emergency plan in place before it happens [19]. Measure and Control This involves tracking the effects of the risks identified and managing them to a successful conclusion [19]. Different strategies There are different strategies and methods that have different approaches toward risk management. JISC (Joint Information Systems Management) says that the focus for risk management should be on risks related to the particular project, not project management in general (http://www.jisc.ac.uk/proj_manguide15.html). The overall goal according to Kendrick (2003) for risk management in a single project is to establish a credible plan consistent with business objectives and then to minimise the range of possible outcomes. That is why risk management in a project is about identifying potential risks, analyse the ones that have the greatest likelihood of occurring, grade their different levels of impact on the project and define a plan of how to avoid the risk and if it occurs how to reduce its impact (Heldman, 2005). Smith Merrit (2001) sees risk strategy as a five step process. Figure 3 shows the flow through the five-step process and lists deliverables from each step: Step 1: Identify risks that you could encounter across all facets of the project [28]. Step 2: Analyse these risks to determine what is driving them, how great their impact might be, and how likely they are [28]. Step 3: Prioritise and map the risks so that you can choose those most important to resolve [28]. Step 4: Plan how you will take action against the risks on this short list [28]. Step 5: On a regular basis, monitor progress on your action plans, terminate action plans for risks that have been adequately resolved, and look for new risks [28]. Frosdick (1997) also mentioned Strutt‘s, definition of the concept of risk analysis that is a seven stage process. Systematic assessment (item by item question every part of the system) [13]. Identification of risks [13]. Assessment of risks (frequencies and consequences) [13]. Establish acceptable/tolerable levels of risk [13]. Evaluate the risks. Are they acceptable? Can they be reduced and at what cost? Determine whether the risks are as low as reasonably practicable [13]. Determine risk reduction measures where appropriate [13]. Risk Assessment Evaluation There are many ways and different techniques to evaluate what the risks are, what the effect they have on the project and what measures can be put in if the risks should occur [19]. Risk assessment is by most people divided into two areas, Quantitative Risk Analysis and Qualitative Risk Analysis. Quantitative In its most basic form the formula for risk quantification is: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Rate of occurrenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ multiplied by the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢impact of the eventà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ = risk. Methods based on this method are often called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢expected value analysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ and include models like Annualized Loss Expectancy (ALM), the Courtney formula, the Livermore Risk Analysis Methodology (LRAM) and Stochastic Dominance (Snyder, Rainer Jr., Carr 1991). The advantages of Quantitative Risk Analysis methodologies are that they are good at identifying the most critical areas that, if something happens, will have the largest impact on the project. There are also disadvantages to Quantitative Risk Analysis. When one measures the probability of damage to the project the quantitative approach tends to average the events leading up to a problem (Snyder, Rainer Jr, Carr 1991). Qualitative Qualitative methods attempts to express risks in terms of descriptive variables rather than an economic impact. These approaches are based on the assumption that certain threat or loss of data cannot be appropriately expressed in terms of dollars or pounds and that precise information is impossible to obtain. These methodologies include Scenario Analysis/Planning, Fuzzy Metrics and questionnaires (Snyder, Rainer Jr., Carr 1991). The advantages of Qualitative Risk Analysis methodologies are that they save time, effort and expense over quantitative methods. This is because assets do not need exact values in dollars or pounds nor do threats need to have exact probabilities. It is also a valuable methodology in identifying significant weaknesses in a risk management portfolio. There are disadvantages with this method as well. Qualitative Risk Analysis is inexact, the variables used (e.g. low, medium and high) must be understood by all parties involved (Snyder, Rainer Jr., Carr 1991). Risks Reduction Once risks have been identified and evaluated they have to be responded to in some way. Wideman (1992) lists seven basic responses on identified risks: Recognised but no action taken (absorbed as a matter of policy) Avoided (by taking appropriate steps) Reduced (by an alternative approach) Shared (with others, e.g., by joint venture) Transferred (to others through contract or insurance) Retained and absorbed (by prudent allowances) Handled by a combination of the above Dorfman (1997) says that all techniques to manage the risk fall into one or more of these four major categories (remembered as the 4 Ts): Tolerate (aka Retention) Treat (aka Mitigation) Terminate (aka Elimination) Transfer (aka Buying Insurance) Bliss (2005) listed these five types of similar risk responses as Dorfman and Wideman. Risk avoidance: Also known as risk removal or risk prevention, risk avoidance involves altering the original plans for the project so that particularly risky elements are removed. It could include deciding not to perform an activity that carries a high risk. Adopting such avoidance techniques may seem an obvious way to deal with all risks. However, often the areas of the project that involve high risks are also the areas of the project that potentially contain the highest worth or the best value for money. Avoiding such risks may also result in removing potentially the best bits of a resource, and an alternative strategy that retains these risks may be more appropriate [13]. Risk reduction: Risk reduction or risk mitigation involves the employment of methods that reduce the probability of a risk occurring, or reducing the severity of the impact of a risk on the outcome of the project. The loss of highly skilled staff is a considerable risk in any project and not one that can be totally avoided. Suitable risk mitigation could involve the enforcement of a notice period, comprehensive documentation allowing for replacement staff to continue with the job at hand and adequate management oversight and the use of staff development programmes to encourage staff to stay [20]. Risk transfer: Risk transfer moves the ownership of the risk to a third party normally by contract. This also moves the impact of the risk away from the project itself to this third party [20]. Risk deferral: The impact a risk can have on a project is not constant throughout the life of a project. Risk deferral entails deferring aspects of the project to a date when a risk is less likely to happen. For example managing the expectations users have about the content and delivery of a resource can be time-consuming, one way to reduce this risk is by not making a web resource available until user testing is complete [20]. Risk retention: Whilst a certain number of the risks to the project originally identified can be removed by changing the project plan or dealt with by transferring the responsibility of the risk to third parties inevitably certain risks have to be accepted as a necessary part of the project. All risks that have not been avoided or transferred are retained or accepted risks by default [20]. Previous Successful Project: St Pancras International Rail Station According to XXXXXX, before St Pancras International rail station was opened; a number of days were devoted to testing all the systems and processes, using an army of thousands of volunteer passengers. These tests were carried out much before the opening day, thus providing enough time to resolve issues that might have occurred during testing [26]. By carrying out the testing in phases much long before the opening, members of staff were able to familiarize themselves with the systems and get actual hands-on experience before the station was opened to Eurostar traffic. Dry-runs were carried out as well with the vital lessons were learnt and adjustments made before exposing paying customers to the St Pancras experience. Inevitably the result was that on the opening day, everything went without glitches on the first day of international service [26]. Previous Failed Project: Denver International Airport The Denver International Airport was scheduled to open on October 31, 1993 with all three of its concourses fully running on the BAE automated baggage handling system that. On February 28, 1995, the new airport finally opened. Its opening came sixteen months late. The automated baggage system was supposed to improve baggage handling by using a computer tracking system to direct baggage contained in unmanned carts that run on a track. BAE systems presented the City of Denver with a proposal to develop â€Å"the most complex and automated [and integrated] baggage system ever built. Original target opening date for the airport was (delayed seven times over the next three months). City of Denver invited reporters to observe the first test of the baggage system without notifying BAE. This was a public disaster! Reporters saw piles of disgorged clothes and other personal items lying beneath the Telecars tracks. Lots of mechanical and software problems plagued the automated baggage handling system. When the system was tested, bags were misloaded, sent to different routes, and fell out of automated telecarts, thus causing the system to jam. The automated baggage system still continued to unload bags even though they were jammed on the conveyor belt, because the photo eye at this location could not detect the pile of bags on the belt and hence could not signal the system to stop. Main Lessons One of the lessons BA and BAA might have been learnt from the Denver project, was that BAE actually built a prototype of the automated baggage handling system in a 50,000 sq. ft. warehouse near its manufacturing plant in Texas. But as similar to the T5 project, there was no evidence of adequate training and the results from simulation testing has been proven to be different to a real world scenario with real customers. I addition, research also shows that BAE had given an initial estimate of at least a year to test the system and get the system up and running, but United airlines and the other stakeholders pressed for a much shorter timeframe. City of Denver got the same story from technical advisers to the Franz Joseph Strauss airport in Munich (that less complicated system had taken 2 years testing and was running 24 hours a day for 6 months before the airport opened. Risks recognised early in the Project Very large scale of the project. Enormous complexity. Newness of the technology. Large number of entities to be served by the system. The high degree of technical and project definition uncertainty. Risk Identification PMBOK (PMBOK Guide, 2004) lists five tools and techniques for risk identific Risk Management of Terminal Development at Airport Risk Management of Terminal Development at Airport Dissertation Objectives Investigate the problems at the terminal 5 opening, especially with the baggage handling system despite extensive simulated testing using thousands of bags and more than two thousand volunteers in the run up to the opening of T5 Identify the necessary risk strategies to be considered for such mega-projects, the benefits of such approaches, taking into account previous failed and successful projects, and any lessons to be learnt Discuss the implementation approach adopted by BAA and the risk associated with this approach Provide formative evaluation summarising key findings and conclusion based on evidence gathered from research T5 Synopsis The terminal 5 project in addition to being a statement of intent for the future of British aviation was built with the aim of improving customer experience and to exhibit Heathrow as a world class international airport. The baggage handling system at T5 was designed to be the largest baggage handling system in Europe for a single terminal. The system consists of a main baggage sorter and a fast track system. The system was designed by an integrated team from BAA, BA and Vanderlande Industries of the Netherlands, with the aim of handling both intra-terminal and inter-terminal luggage. Its processing capacity was intended to be 70,000 bags a day. Bags are meant to undergo several processes on the way through the system, these include; automatic identification, explosives screening, fast tracking for urgent bags, sorting and automatic sorting and passenger reconciliation. The scheduled completion and opening date was March 2008, and T5 was on time and on budget. This was a remarkable achievement especially in a sector where project delays and vast overspends are commonplace (the Millennium dome, Wembley stadium and the Scottish Parliament buildings were all opened late and cost a lot more than the original estimate). However, on its first day in operation, T5s bespoke baggage system was affected by technical software problems, which led to a number of issues, such as cancelled flights, lost baggage, and substantial delays, but more importantly, BAs challenge were its people issues and integrating teams of staff. Initial reports suggest that the day one issues were less to do with technology issues and more to do with inadequate staff training, and this was not just for one group of people but at all levels. Below is a summary of its problems on the opening day: Hundreds of staff found it difficult finding the staff car park entrance Check-in staff struggled with their systems, these problems ranged from very simple tasks such as logging into the baggage system to complex tasks Security personnel who were totally ignorant of their new roles and had to be taken through new procedures in the morning in front of passengers Ground staff and crews and ground staff getting lost in the huge building Baggage handlers struggled to get a hang of the new baggage system Baggage truck drivers got lost within the terminal and needed directions to the aircraft Baggage drivers and handlers could not get luggage from the conveyors to the gates On nine occasions, inspectors from the department of transport had managed to bypass security checks during trials of the terminals new systems and that the terminals alarm system was not working properly Going through these problems therefore suggest that the entire problem was down to lack of adequate training or simply inappropriate appraisal of risk involved. This is very surprising as this was a very high profile project and taking into account that this was a simple 3 team process get baggage, take baggage to aircraft and load baggage onto aircraft. Training System Testing Prior to Opening Based on initial interviews with BAs CIO, it would suggest that the human elements were given the importance it required. BAs CIO, Paul Coby told CIO UK [in March 2007] â€Å"the IT work to support such a large-scale, new-build project was also going well. â€Å"Devices are deployed, connections are being integrated and 2007 will be testing year. The airline is moving onto the T5 systems, so they run for a year ready to operate at the new terminal when it opens in 2008†. According to XXXXX, in the run up to the opening of T5 there were a series of overnight baggage-systems tests using thousands of bags, up to 2000 volunteers and full trials of the check-in procedure for all the IT systems. According to the spokesman for Vanderlande Industries, in testing the baggage handling system, emulation models were utilized broadly to test the low-level controls software, while computer programs took the place of the baggage handling system, and which behave (almost) the same as the part they replace. The report also suggests that for the high-level controls software, the emulation model was broadened by connecting the loose individual models into a large integrated system in which the physical equipment was replaced by a number of interconnected emulation models. According to a number of the volunteers who tested the system prior to its opening commented that the demos were extremely impressive and felt the system was ready in advance of its opening. T5 System Simulation Prior to Opening According to the spokesman for Vanderlande Industries, low-level emulation models were utilized in place of the physical transport equipment in each of the conveyor lines. The low and high level models that were developed produced the same electrical outputs in response to the same electrical inputs as their corresponding physical equivalent (motors, photo-electric cells, barcode scanners, etc), which in the view of both the software developers and management of BA, proof of extensive system testing. System interaction was facilitated with the use of control panels, and with the right frequency, set of bags or multiple bags were generated. During the testing, the conveyor motors were stopped and started utilizing different scenarios in order to generate as much errors as possible with the hope of fixing them. The spokesman also stated that the transport time between two photocells in emulation was equal to the actual time using the real equipment. The same measurement also applied to the total transport time. In addition, during testing the T5 project, over 90 individual low-level emulation models were created as individual models were integrated into 5 different configurations. A separate team spent 4800 hours on building and testing these emulation models. Questions: Training Testing But the first set of questions now has to be asked: how adequate was the tests and training were carried out in relation to T5s baggage systems in advance of the opening? What were the results? What were the problems revealed? and what steps were taken to resolve the problems revealed? Were the tests re-run and, if so, what was the result? Was the right implementation strategy adopted? Or would it not have been better to open Terminal 5 on a phased basis, to make sure that all its systems were working before going fully operational? The second set of questions to be asked would be: knowing that extensive simulation testing was carried out on the baggage system successfully; doesnt that then suggest that carrying out simulated testing without the real customers is inadequate? With regards to the people issues, what sort of dry runs were carried out? If they were indeed adequate, why were the opening day hiccups not identified? Where there extra staff or volunteers in anticipation of potential glitches? If yes were these trained adequately? For every eventuality or possible scenario, what were the contingency plans? In spite of the extensive testing carried out on the baggage system and the confidence which this would have placed on top management, from the experience on the opening day, we can conclude that in reality, the prospects of operating an airport terminal of such magnitude and scale would require more than simulated testing as the operations are virtually impossible to fully replicate. This then suggests that the risk management utilized by the BA was not robust to take the people issues into account. Good risk management might have come to the conclusion, if there was the possibility of failure. Risk Management: Definitions In order to manage risks we have to understand what a risk is. Smith and Merrit (2002) said that three essential aspects of risk are uncertainty, loss and time, see Figure 1. Uncertainty: A project manager has to identify as many uncertainties as possible. A risk may or may not happen. This inherent uncertainty cannot be eliminated, but it can be made little clearer by clarifying the probability of occurrence of the risk, to get at better understanding of the consequences and alternatives if the risk occurs and determine the factors that influence the magnitude and likelihood of occurrence of the particular risk. This means that an uncertainty can never be completely eliminated, but it can be reduced to a level the project find tolerable. This means that even with the best plans there cannot be any guarantees that there will be no surprises [3]. Loss: A risk is always something that involves some kind of loss. If there is no loss possible, then the project is not concerned about the risk, because it cannot compromise the project [3]. Time: Associated with every risk there is a time where the risk no longer exists. Either the risk has occurred and the loss has been suffered or the potential problems that could cause the risk have been resolved and no longer pose a threat. It is important to know when this time has arrived so the risk can be removed from the agenda [3]. Among writers and in the literature there are differences in the meaning of risk management and risk analysis. Frosdick (1997) says that there are no clear views of the differences and what one writer defines as risk management another writer is calling it risk analysis. Frosdick‘s own view is that he separates them by saying that risk analysis is the sum of the processes of risk identification, estimation and evaluation and risk management is about planning, monitoring and controlling activities that are produced by the risk analysis activity. The Association for Project Management (Chapman, Simister 2004) definition of risk analysis is similar to Frosdick‘s, they have however divided the risk analysis into two stages. The first stage is called the Qualitative Analysis and it is where risks are identified and subjectively assessed. These identified risks are then analysed in terms of e.g. cost and time estimates and that is called the Quantitative Analysis. Just like for Frosdick it is then followed by the risk management process. In their definition it is the process of formulating responses, both proactive and reactive ones. Pennock Haimes (2001) said that risk management could be represented in six steps, three each for risk assessment/analysis and risk management, where each step is a question. Risk assessment/analysis What can go wrong? Identify as many risks as possible. The risks can be of any kind financial, time, resources etc. and no risk is too small to not be included [3]. What is the likelihood for the risk to occur? Try to measure how likely, or unlikely, it is for the risk to occur. Maybe some risks are dependent on each other [3]. What are the consequences? What will be the impact on the project if the risk occurs, is it a minor risk or maybe a stopping fault that endangers the whole project [3]. Risk management What can be done and what options are available? How to decrease the chance of a risk occurring, for example get more resources or have them readily available [2,3]. What are the tradeoffs in term of all costs, benefits and risks among the available options? For every risk there is somewhere a limit for how costly measures one can put in, where there is no economy in putting in more measures. Often the budget is not enough to eliminate all risks therefore one must choose which risks to put more emphasis on [2,3]. What are the impacts on current decisions on future options? [3] The official definition provided by Professor James Garven, University of Texas at Austin is from the American Risk and Insurance Association: Risk management is the systematic process of managing an organizations risk exposures to achieve its objectives in a manner consistent with public interest, human safety, environmental factors, and the law. It consists of the planning, organizing, leading, coordinating, and controlling activities undertaken with the intent of providing an efficient pre-loss plan that minimizes the adverse impact of risk on the organizations resources, earnings, and cash flows. Another definition given by Larry Krantz, Chief Executive of Euro Log Ltd in the UK, states that A risk is a combination of constraint and uncertainty. We all face constraints in our projects, and also uncertainty. So we can minimise the risk in the project either by eliminating constraints (a nice conceit) or by finding and reducing uncertainty []. The objectives of risk management/analysis The Association for Project Management (Chapman, Simister 2004) defines Risk Management/Analysis as a process designed to remove or reduce the risks that threaten the achievement of project objectives. Properly undertaken it will increase the likelihood of successful completion of a project in terms of cost, time and performance objectives. PMBOK (PMBOK Guide, 2004) describes it similarly where they say that the objectives of project management are to increase the probability and impact of positive effects and decrease the probability and impact of events adverse to project objectives. Kendrick (2003) list seven benefits on the use of risk management: Project Justification: Project risk management is undertaken primarily to improve the chances that a project will achieve its objectives. While there are never any guarantees, broader awareness of common failure modes and ideas that make projects more robust can significantly improve the odds of success. The primary goal of project risk management is either to develop a credible foundation for each project, showing that it is possible, or to demonstrate that the project is not feasible so that it can be avoided, aborted, or transformed [1]. Lower Costs and Less Chaos: Adequate risk analysis reduces both the overall cost and the frustration caused by avoidable problems [4]. The amount of rework and of unforeseen late project effort is minimised. Knowledge of the root causes of the potentially severe project problems enables project leaders and teams to work in ways that avoid these problems. Dealing with the causes of risk also minimises fire-fighting and chaos during projects, much of which is focused short-term and deals primarily with symptoms rather than the intrinsic sources of the problems [1]. Chadbourn (1999) describes it similarly when he likened the uncertainties to chaos, where a poorly designed project could be described as a room full of mousetraps, each with a ping pong ball [5]. Before you know it, someone not under your control tosses in the first ball, thus mayhem and chaos erupts [5]. In the ideal project the mousetraps are gone. In their place there is a network of dominos, where each action and reacti on could be foreseen [5]. It is within the role of organisations to try and identify these mousetraps and replace them with an orderly string of dominos [5]. Project Priority and Management Support: Support from managers and other project stakeholders and commitment from the project team are more easily won when projects are based on thorough, understandable information [11]. High-risk projects may begin with lower priority, but a thorough risk plan, displaying competence and good preparation for possible problems, can improve the project priority [11]. Whenever you are successful in raising the priority of your project, you significantly reduce project risk—by opening doors, reducing obstacles, making resources available, and shortening queues for services [11]. Project Portfolio Management: Achieving and maintaining an appropriate mix of ongoing projects for an organisation uses risk data as a key factor. The ideal project portfolio includes both lower- and higher-risk projects in proportions that are consistent with the business objectives [13]. Fine-Tuning Plans to Reduce Risk: Risk analysis uncovers weaknesses in a project plan and triggers changes, new activities, and resource shifts that improve the project. Risk analysis at the project level may also reveal needed shifts in overall project structure or basic assumptions [14]. Establishing Management Reserve: Risk analysis demonstrates the uncertainty of project outcomes and is useful in setting reserves for schedule and/or resources. Risky projects really require a window of time (or budget), instead of a single-point objective. While the project targets can be based on expectations (the most likely versions of the analysis), project commitments should be established with less aggressive goals, reflecting overall project risk. The target and committed objectives set a range for acceptable project results and provide visible recognition of project risk [18]. Project Communication and Control: Project communication is more effective when there is a solid, credible plan. Risk assessments also build awareness of project exposures for the project team, showing how painful the problems might be and when and where they might occur. This causes people to work in ways that avoid project difficulties. Risk data can also be very useful in negotiations with project sponsors. Using information about the likelihood and consequences of potential problems gives project teams more influence in defining objectives, determining budgets, obtaining staff, setting deadlines, and negotiating project changes [18]. Risk Assessment Risk Control There are two stages in the process of Project Risk Management, Risk Assessment and Risk Control. Risk Assessment can take place at any time during the project, though the sooner the better. However, Risk Control cannot be effective without a previous Risk Assessment. Similarly, most people tend to think that having performed a Risk Assessment, they have done all that is needed. Far too many projects spend a great deal of effort on Risk Assessment and then ignore Risk control completely [19]. Risk Assessment has three elements: Identify Uncertainties In this element, the entire project plans are explored, with special focus on areas of uncertainty [20]. Analyse Risks In this element, the requirement is to specify how the areas of uncertainty will have an impact on the performance of the project, either in duration, cost or meeting the users requirements [20]. Prioritise Risks At this stage the requirement is to establish which of the Risks identified should be eliminated completely [20]. This step is only is carried out due to the potential extreme impact, which should have regular management attention, and which are sufficiently minor to avoid detailed management attention [20]. In the same way, Risk Control has three elements, as follows: Mitigate Risks According to Mobey et al (2002), risk mitigation would include taking the necessary actions that are possible in advance to reduce the effect of Risk. It is better to spend money on mitigation than to include contingency in the plan [20]. Plan for Emergencies For all those Risks which are deemed to be significant, have an emergency plan in place before it happens [19]. Measure and Control This involves tracking the effects of the risks identified and managing them to a successful conclusion [19]. Different strategies There are different strategies and methods that have different approaches toward risk management. JISC (Joint Information Systems Management) says that the focus for risk management should be on risks related to the particular project, not project management in general (http://www.jisc.ac.uk/proj_manguide15.html). The overall goal according to Kendrick (2003) for risk management in a single project is to establish a credible plan consistent with business objectives and then to minimise the range of possible outcomes. That is why risk management in a project is about identifying potential risks, analyse the ones that have the greatest likelihood of occurring, grade their different levels of impact on the project and define a plan of how to avoid the risk and if it occurs how to reduce its impact (Heldman, 2005). Smith Merrit (2001) sees risk strategy as a five step process. Figure 3 shows the flow through the five-step process and lists deliverables from each step: Step 1: Identify risks that you could encounter across all facets of the project [28]. Step 2: Analyse these risks to determine what is driving them, how great their impact might be, and how likely they are [28]. Step 3: Prioritise and map the risks so that you can choose those most important to resolve [28]. Step 4: Plan how you will take action against the risks on this short list [28]. Step 5: On a regular basis, monitor progress on your action plans, terminate action plans for risks that have been adequately resolved, and look for new risks [28]. Frosdick (1997) also mentioned Strutt‘s, definition of the concept of risk analysis that is a seven stage process. Systematic assessment (item by item question every part of the system) [13]. Identification of risks [13]. Assessment of risks (frequencies and consequences) [13]. Establish acceptable/tolerable levels of risk [13]. Evaluate the risks. Are they acceptable? Can they be reduced and at what cost? Determine whether the risks are as low as reasonably practicable [13]. Determine risk reduction measures where appropriate [13]. Risk Assessment Evaluation There are many ways and different techniques to evaluate what the risks are, what the effect they have on the project and what measures can be put in if the risks should occur [19]. Risk assessment is by most people divided into two areas, Quantitative Risk Analysis and Qualitative Risk Analysis. Quantitative In its most basic form the formula for risk quantification is: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Rate of occurrenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ multiplied by the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢impact of the eventà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ = risk. Methods based on this method are often called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢expected value analysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ and include models like Annualized Loss Expectancy (ALM), the Courtney formula, the Livermore Risk Analysis Methodology (LRAM) and Stochastic Dominance (Snyder, Rainer Jr., Carr 1991). The advantages of Quantitative Risk Analysis methodologies are that they are good at identifying the most critical areas that, if something happens, will have the largest impact on the project. There are also disadvantages to Quantitative Risk Analysis. When one measures the probability of damage to the project the quantitative approach tends to average the events leading up to a problem (Snyder, Rainer Jr, Carr 1991). Qualitative Qualitative methods attempts to express risks in terms of descriptive variables rather than an economic impact. These approaches are based on the assumption that certain threat or loss of data cannot be appropriately expressed in terms of dollars or pounds and that precise information is impossible to obtain. These methodologies include Scenario Analysis/Planning, Fuzzy Metrics and questionnaires (Snyder, Rainer Jr., Carr 1991). The advantages of Qualitative Risk Analysis methodologies are that they save time, effort and expense over quantitative methods. This is because assets do not need exact values in dollars or pounds nor do threats need to have exact probabilities. It is also a valuable methodology in identifying significant weaknesses in a risk management portfolio. There are disadvantages with this method as well. Qualitative Risk Analysis is inexact, the variables used (e.g. low, medium and high) must be understood by all parties involved (Snyder, Rainer Jr., Carr 1991). Risks Reduction Once risks have been identified and evaluated they have to be responded to in some way. Wideman (1992) lists seven basic responses on identified risks: Recognised but no action taken (absorbed as a matter of policy) Avoided (by taking appropriate steps) Reduced (by an alternative approach) Shared (with others, e.g., by joint venture) Transferred (to others through contract or insurance) Retained and absorbed (by prudent allowances) Handled by a combination of the above Dorfman (1997) says that all techniques to manage the risk fall into one or more of these four major categories (remembered as the 4 Ts): Tolerate (aka Retention) Treat (aka Mitigation) Terminate (aka Elimination) Transfer (aka Buying Insurance) Bliss (2005) listed these five types of similar risk responses as Dorfman and Wideman. Risk avoidance: Also known as risk removal or risk prevention, risk avoidance involves altering the original plans for the project so that particularly risky elements are removed. It could include deciding not to perform an activity that carries a high risk. Adopting such avoidance techniques may seem an obvious way to deal with all risks. However, often the areas of the project that involve high risks are also the areas of the project that potentially contain the highest worth or the best value for money. Avoiding such risks may also result in removing potentially the best bits of a resource, and an alternative strategy that retains these risks may be more appropriate [13]. Risk reduction: Risk reduction or risk mitigation involves the employment of methods that reduce the probability of a risk occurring, or reducing the severity of the impact of a risk on the outcome of the project. The loss of highly skilled staff is a considerable risk in any project and not one that can be totally avoided. Suitable risk mitigation could involve the enforcement of a notice period, comprehensive documentation allowing for replacement staff to continue with the job at hand and adequate management oversight and the use of staff development programmes to encourage staff to stay [20]. Risk transfer: Risk transfer moves the ownership of the risk to a third party normally by contract. This also moves the impact of the risk away from the project itself to this third party [20]. Risk deferral: The impact a risk can have on a project is not constant throughout the life of a project. Risk deferral entails deferring aspects of the project to a date when a risk is less likely to happen. For example managing the expectations users have about the content and delivery of a resource can be time-consuming, one way to reduce this risk is by not making a web resource available until user testing is complete [20]. Risk retention: Whilst a certain number of the risks to the project originally identified can be removed by changing the project plan or dealt with by transferring the responsibility of the risk to third parties inevitably certain risks have to be accepted as a necessary part of the project. All risks that have not been avoided or transferred are retained or accepted risks by default [20]. Previous Successful Project: St Pancras International Rail Station According to XXXXXX, before St Pancras International rail station was opened; a number of days were devoted to testing all the systems and processes, using an army of thousands of volunteer passengers. These tests were carried out much before the opening day, thus providing enough time to resolve issues that might have occurred during testing [26]. By carrying out the testing in phases much long before the opening, members of staff were able to familiarize themselves with the systems and get actual hands-on experience before the station was opened to Eurostar traffic. Dry-runs were carried out as well with the vital lessons were learnt and adjustments made before exposing paying customers to the St Pancras experience. Inevitably the result was that on the opening day, everything went without glitches on the first day of international service [26]. Previous Failed Project: Denver International Airport The Denver International Airport was scheduled to open on October 31, 1993 with all three of its concourses fully running on the BAE automated baggage handling system that. On February 28, 1995, the new airport finally opened. Its opening came sixteen months late. The automated baggage system was supposed to improve baggage handling by using a computer tracking system to direct baggage contained in unmanned carts that run on a track. BAE systems presented the City of Denver with a proposal to develop â€Å"the most complex and automated [and integrated] baggage system ever built. Original target opening date for the airport was (delayed seven times over the next three months). City of Denver invited reporters to observe the first test of the baggage system without notifying BAE. This was a public disaster! Reporters saw piles of disgorged clothes and other personal items lying beneath the Telecars tracks. Lots of mechanical and software problems plagued the automated baggage handling system. When the system was tested, bags were misloaded, sent to different routes, and fell out of automated telecarts, thus causing the system to jam. The automated baggage system still continued to unload bags even though they were jammed on the conveyor belt, because the photo eye at this location could not detect the pile of bags on the belt and hence could not signal the system to stop. Main Lessons One of the lessons BA and BAA might have been learnt from the Denver project, was that BAE actually built a prototype of the automated baggage handling system in a 50,000 sq. ft. warehouse near its manufacturing plant in Texas. But as similar to the T5 project, there was no evidence of adequate training and the results from simulation testing has been proven to be different to a real world scenario with real customers. I addition, research also shows that BAE had given an initial estimate of at least a year to test the system and get the system up and running, but United airlines and the other stakeholders pressed for a much shorter timeframe. City of Denver got the same story from technical advisers to the Franz Joseph Strauss airport in Munich (that less complicated system had taken 2 years testing and was running 24 hours a day for 6 months before the airport opened. Risks recognised early in the Project Very large scale of the project. Enormous complexity. Newness of the technology. Large number of entities to be served by the system. The high degree of technical and project definition uncertainty. Risk Identification PMBOK (PMBOK Guide, 2004) lists five tools and techniques for risk identific